Other countries show the same localization of industries for similar reasons. The German iron and chemical induStry centers on the weste coal fields where such cities as Essen and Duisburg have grown u Dresden specializes in pottery and art goods because she has goo supplies of clay and has attracted workmen with artistic ability. Par' is the world's great center of highly finished ornamental goods, defies, dress fabrics, and other goods that appeal to the esthetic sense. Ther seems to be no physical reason for this. It apparently arose from th artistic character of the early Parisians and the fact that formerly t presence of rich monarchs drew skillful workers to the eity„while no the fame of Paris attracts people of artistic temperament. Every a student who goes to Paris helps to strengthen the city's position as center of good taste. The industrial history of Paris well illustrat, the fact that when an industry is thoroughly established it tends perpetuate itself in the same place, especially if it requires high The same condition is evident on a smaller scale in the silk man factures of Lyons, and the watches, laces, and other fine goods I Switzerland.
How Manufacturing Influences European Progress.—The gross of manufacturing has a profound influence upon the distribution many factors that influence human progress. (1) The most obvio effect is to cause great density of population; as appears from a co parison of the European parts of Figs. 31 and 54. If the data on whit the manufacturing map is constructed were as full as those for the map t density of population the resemblance would be still greater. The dist bution of population, however, is by no means entirely clue to manufa, hiring. In 1700, when all manufacturing was largely primitive, t e general distribution of the relatively sparse population was much t same as today, but there was no such density as now.
(2) What manufacturing chiefly does is to foster the rapid develo meat of large cities. How true this is may be judged from Table 5, which shows the percentage of the European population living in cities of over 50,000 people before the Great War. In England, about 4S per cent of the inhabitants live in such cities, in Serbia and Rumania where there is little manufacturing only 3 to 4 per cent.
(3) Where such concentration occurs, people's chances to get an education, and to study art, literature, music, and science are much increased. In the large manufacturing cities of western Europe' the ambitious workman can get almost any kind of training. Free schools,, social settlements, public museums, and many lectures, concerts, an institutions of higher learning are open to him. Vocational trainin is a modern innovation whose distribution depends largely on mane , facturing, for modern industry demands a great amount of technical, skill and the concentration of population brings together large groups who need the same training. In England vocational education is
directed especially toward mechanical and engineering problems; in Germany, where it is highly developed, the chemical industries receive special emphasis.
(4) Another condition whose distribution is greatly influenced by manufacturing is the opportunity to rise from one social grade to another. In the rural districts of Europe the son of humble parents is expected to be more or less like his parents. In the great business enterprises of the cities each man or woman is rated more nearly according to his own achievements and character, and is advanced accordingly. Thus manufacturing, together with the commerce which accompanies it, has been one of the strongest factors in breaking clown the old class distinctions all over western Europe and especially in England.
The Bad Effects of Concentration in Industrial Cities.—The bad effects, like the good effects of manufacturing, are very evident in Brithin, Belgium, and Germany, less conspicuous in France, Italy, Denmark, and Sweden; and scarcely noticeable in Bulgaria and eastern Russia.
(1) One bad effect is the high deathrate of cities. Other things being equal, the great congested cities with their huge buildings and small space for living kill people off much faster than the rural or suburban districts where there is plenty of pure air, sunlight, space, grass, and trees. Only through enormous expenditures for pure water, sanitation, hospitals, medical service, and vacations, can the urban dcathrate be kept down.
"(2) The growth and congestion of cities under the of manu facturing cause them to become centers of evil as well as of oppor tunity. Almost nowhere else are the slums so terrible, the poverty so I dire, as in the great manufacturing cities. London's slums are among the worst places on earth. The cities of eastern Russia and Greece rarely see either wealth or poverty, squalor or splendor, misery or suc cess like those of London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Paris, Berlin, and many other manufacturing cities. Fig. 54 showing the distribution of manu I facturing might almost be labeled " Distribution of Extremes of Pov erty and Wealth." This tendency has been greatly increased in recent decades by automatic machinery which is not only labor-saving but labor-stupefying. A machine that can perform scores of operations with almost human skill is indeed a great triumph of human inven tion. But to sit for hours before such a machine doing nothing except tie threads, for example, or shove in bits of metal, ivso monotonous that it often drives people to seek harmful excitement and pleasure ...•••••••••••••?maftgoor.