In some form, however, primitive manufacturing prevails almost everywhere. This is an advantage, for although it is bad for a country to have no other form of manufacturing, it is a detriment if household industries, which are an outgrowth of the primitive type, are not highly developed. Even in the most civilized countries it is a good thing for the women to make clothes, put up preserves, and prepare beautiful. lace or pottery. It is equally good for men to be able to make shelves• for the pantry, or for the farmer to know how to mend his wagon or cobble his own shoes in winter when there is not much other work.. Where people have considerable native ability their primitive manu factures often possess a high esthetic quality as in the wood carving and toys of the Swiss, the lace of Italy and Ireland, the shawls of Kashmir, the quilts of the Kentucky mountains, and the rugs of Turkey, and Persia. Such articles, which often preserve old and attractive designs, are the only primitive manufactures which play any appreciable part in the general business of the world. Their persistent manufacture is generally due to the fact that they depend on some hand process which no machine can yet imitate satisfactorily. Otherwise, except in regions where transportation is unusually difficult as in Tibet, or where the people are so few and poor that it is not worth while to import manufactured goods from a distance, as among the Eskimos, the products of primitive manufacturing are being rapidly superseded by cheap substitutes manufactured in more progressive countries. For instance, the cheap cotton cloth in which the majority of people in China, India, and Africa are clothed is largely produced by English mills.
Turkish rugs are a good example of a primitive manufacturing industry which still thrives. The raw materials are produced close at hand, the wool coming from the flocks of the nomads and the dyes from plants which usu ally grow locally. Some times a good vegetable dye requires ten or twelve processes lasting nearly a year. The fact that aniline dyes are now being used illus trates how an artistic primitive industry tends to break down and de teriorate under the com petition of manufac tured goods from more progressive countries.
In making a Turkish rug no machinery be yond what almost any one can construct is needed. The warp threads are merely stretched parallel to one another so that they can be wound up on a round beam, the woof threads are then passed through the warp, a knot is tied; and the thread cut. The work is extremely slow, for a clever girl, working eight hours a day and tying three knots a minute would need about four years to make a rug seven by four feet with twenty knots per inch. But such ' a rug involves no heavy outlay of capital and so no financial problem. It commonly is used by its maker and hence involves no marketing problem.
If the rug gets into the current of the world's business, it is almost invariably because progressive people from other countries come to the place where it is made and insist on buying. Often the maker has no desire to sell, or else sells merely from the compulsion of poverty. In this fact lies one of the chief differences between primitive and com plex manufacturing. The people who carry on complex manufacturing
not only make goods to sell, but go out and create a market for them among people of every degree of progress. In addition to manufactur ing and selling they not only buy the goods that are offered to them, but they almost compel less active people to prepare the raw materials and the primitive or simple manufactures NS hich are used as raw mate rials for more highly manufactured kinds. In other words the push and energy come largely from a few progressive regions. For instance, the rug industry has been much stimulated in Persia and Turkey by American buyers; the primitive home cotton industry of India has , risen to the status of a simple factory industry under the influence of Englishmen. Even in our own southern states the cotton factories of the Carolinas and Georgia and the iron factories of Alabama arc largely owned and run by northerners.
Simple second stage of manufacturing is located in places where the people have more push and inventiveness than do those who are content with primitive manufacturing, or else where other races bring in the necessary initiative. Moreover, simple manufacturing p r e vails in regions where people have more of a given raw material than they need, and where they can sell it more profitably if they change its form before sending' it out. For example, the presence of a specially abrasive sandstone called Berea grit causes northern Ohio to make 70 per cent of all the grind stones in the United States. In many cases such simple manufacturing is an incidental industry. For example, the canning industry arose largely because many raisers of fruit and vegetables had a surplus which they could not sell locally and which was being wasted. Part of this the farmers' wives began to can or dry for their own use; then they sold their garden and orchard products to neighbors in the villages who had taken up the work of canning, and finally to the factories which were established in the locality. In the beginning such canning industries paid little attention to climatic optima, since the people manufactured only what surplus there happened to be, hut as the business proved profitable people worked to create a surplus. Then the places where the climate is most favorable to a given product took the lead, for there the surplus is largest and it is easy to create a still larger surplus. Hence, the region around Baltimore has come to be a leader in canning tomatoes, southern Maine for sweet corn, California for peaches, Hawaii for pineapples, and the Columbia River and Alaska for salmon. Usually a simple industry grows until it exhausts its supply of local raw materials. If it is situated in a region where the people are especially energetic and ingenious, it tries to get materials from a wider area and may become complex. For example, the brass and bronze industry of Connecticut began with the use of copper kettles discarded in colonial kitchens a century or two ago, but it gradually grew until it became a highly complex industry bringing copper and tin from long distances and man ufacturing over 40 per cent of the brass and bronze of the United States.