ANDKKUY', a t., formerly of Bokhara, but now of Afghanistan, central Asia, about 200 m. s. of Bokhara, on a river flowing n. towards the Jilmin, but only part of which has as yet been traced. It lies on the high-road to Herat, and is much exposed to the attacks of the emirs of Bokhara and Afghanistan. Down to the year 1840, it is said to have been tolerabry flourishing. It was then subject to Bokhara, and was compelled to oppose the victorious march of Mohammed Khan, who besieged it during four months, and at last only took it by storm. The city was plundered, and left a heap of ruins. The sovereign, Gazanfer Khan, to preserve himself from utter destruction, threw himself into the arms of the Afghans. A. contained in 1S63 about 2000 houses, which form the city, and about 3000 tents, which are either in the environs, or scattered over the oases in the desert. The pop. is estimated at 15,000, consisting principally of Turkomans, with a mixture of Uzbegs and a few Tadjiks.—Vambery's Travels in Central Asia.
467-391 B.C.; a Greek orator and diplomatist. He held for a time a command in the Athenian fleet, and was employed in various embassies to foreign states. He was implicated with Alcibiades in the charge of mutilating the busts of Hermes; he accused others, who were put to death, but he vas deprived of the rights of citizen ship and went into exile. Thrice he returned to Athens, and was as often sent out; but from 403 to 393 he held honorable positions there. Three orations by him of great historical value arc extant.
ANDOR'RA,a valley in the eastern Pyrenees between the French department of Ariege and Catalonia, in Spain. It is inclosed by mountains, through which its river, the Balira, breaks to join the Segre at Urgel; and its inaccessibility naturally fits it for being the seat of the interesting little republic which here holds a kind of semi-independent posi tion between France and Spain. Area (divided into six parishes) about 300 sq.m.; pop. variously stated at from 4000 to 12,000. The capital is Andorra, on the Balira, with a pop. of 2000. The former abundant forests are becoming thin from use as fuel; there is much excellent pasture; vines and fruit-trees flourish on the lower grounds, and the mountains contain rich iron mines; hut agriculture is so neglected, and the quantity of amble land so small, that the inhabitants partly depend for corn upon France.
A. was declared a free state by Charlemagne, in reward for services rendered to him by its inhabitants, when he was against the Moors. He retained certain rights which Louis le Dilbonnaire afterwards transferred to the bishop of Urgel, in 819 A.D., and which the bishop of Urgel still exercises. The republic is governed by a sovereign coun• cif of twenty-four members, chosen by the people, and the council elects one of its mem bers to be syndic for life, who exercises the chief executive power. There are two judges called tiguiers, of whem the first is appointed by France, which exercises a kind of pro tectorate, and the second by the bishop of Urgel. There is also a civil judge appointed by France and the bishop of Urgel alternately. The first viguier is a Frenchman, and the second a native of A. Under each viguier is an inferior judge called a bailie; but there is an appeal from his judgment to the civil judge, and finally to the court of cas eation at Paris, or to the Episcopal college at Urgel. In criminal cases, there is no appeal from the court of the republic itself, in which the first viguier presides. The revenue of the state is derived from lands, and from some inconsiderable taxes. A sum of 960 francs is paid biennially to France, in return for which is granted the privilege of free importation of corn. A payment of 891 francs is made in the intervening years to the bishop of Urgel. The manner of life of the Andorrans is very simple. . There are schools, but education is in a low state. There is a complete military organization.* In the Car list wars the neutrality of A. was strictly respected, though various complications resulted from its connection with the bishop of Urgel, etc. French speculators have endeavored to introduce gambling at the springs of Escaldas.