ARTILLERY (ante). The history of A. may be said to date from the discovery of gunpowder, which is popularly attributed to Roger Bacon and Barthold Schwarz, two monks of the 13th c., although a mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur, was used for explosive purposes by the Chinese during the 9th century. Its introduction into Euro pean warfare is due. to the Moors, for mention is made of A. at Cordova in 1280. Fer dinand IV., of Castile, took Gibraltar with A. in 1309, and cannon were used at the sieges of Baza, Martos. and Alicante. This arm soon became known throughout Eu rope. The French availed themselves of it at the siege of Puy Guillaume in 1338, and the English had three small guns at the battle of Crecy in 1346. In the French war of independence against the English, A. was much used; and in 1428 Joan of Arc is said to have pointed the guns herself. The guns of the 14th c. were of the rudest design; in the 15th c. Charles VIII. of France used an improved A. in his Italian campaigns, and to this arm also Louis XII. largely owed his success in Italy. Henry VII. and Henry VIII. of England did much for its advancement. During the 16th c., brass guns and cast-iron projectiles were adopted throughout Europe, while Tartaglia in Italy made great improvements in gunnery, and invented the gunner's quadrant. During the latter part of this century case-shot, the German hagelleugel, was invented, and shells were fired from mortars. The first half of the 17th c. forms an era in the history of A. Henry IV. of France was anions the first to recognize its coining importance, and occu pied himself diligently with its improvement. Maurice and Henry Frederick of Nassau made much advancement in it, but it was under the great Swedish warrior, Gustavus Adolphus, that A. first began to take its true position on the battle-field. He attached two guns to each regiment, and may, therefore, be said to be the father of the battalion system of guns; lie proved its utility in the celebrated thirty years' war. During his life he did muelt to forward the science of A., increasing its mobility and its rapidity of fire, and raising the proportion of guns to over 6 for 1000 men. In England the lab oratory at Woolwich was established in 1672, and a reorganization of the A. took place in 1682 under the master-gen., Lord Dartmouth. Louis XIV. established a special A. force, raised in 1671 a regiment for A. duty, -and in 1690 founded the first A. schools. The inventions of the elevating screw. the prolonge, and the priming tube filled with powder, were made during his reign. The Prussian A. was very backward during the first part of the 18th c., atid Frederick the great did not•at firstplace , much value upon its services, Although mtielt td Frederick's viciery lit Rossbach; it was usually no match for the well-handled Austrian guns, which fact impressed him with the importance of giving inure attention to this branch. He therefore raised the pro
portion of guns, and established horse A. in 1759. After the seven years' war the Aus trians recognized the importance of the A. in modern warfare, and prince Lichtenstein was commissioned to reorganize it. The experience of Frederick's wars was best utilized by France, and under Gribeauval, in 1765, great reforms in the French A. were com menced. This officer had been sent to Austria the seven years' war, and had held command under prince Lichtenstein. Struck with the improvements effected in Austria, he strove on his return to build up a complete system, as to both persons and material, making a separate srovision for field, siege, garrison, and coast A. At first his reforms met great opposition, but in 1776 he became inspector-general of A., and was able to carry through his improvements. The French horse A. dates from 1791, and the last step in the complete organization of the field A. was made in 1800, when the establishment of a driver corps of soldiers put an end to the old system of horsing by contract. Napoleon, who was a great A. officer, introduced the tactical combination with brilliant success. To his wars we first look for instances of the important effects produced by this arm in that concentration of fire, which in those days was produced only by massing guns. Napoleon III. made A. a special subject of study; and the great treatise• upon it, commenced and mainly written by him, is a standard work on the subject. Since the war of 1870-71, in which the French A. proved itself far inferior to the German, the French have been actively engaged in experiments with a view to the introduction of superior guns, and have increased their force of A. by 120 batteries. Similar progress has been made by the other great European powers during this century. The British A. had greatly deteriorated during the 18th c., and was not up to the standard of other countries, but horse A. was formed in 1793, and a drivers corps intro duced the following year. At the commencement of the 19th c., the Prussian A. was powerful rather than mobile; but after the disasters of 1806-7 this defect was remedied, and in 1816 further improvement was made. In 1872 the German A. was reorganized, the field A. of each army corps being augmented to 17 batteries, and divided into two regiments. The Austrian A. has always been pre-eminent both in the excellence of its material and in tactical handling on the field. In 1859, rifled guns were introduced, and in 1861 gun-cotton was substituted for gunpowder, but-was soon afterwards aban doned. Russia won special distinction in the Napoleonic wars by the power and good service of its A., and has continued to give great attention to this arm. Having adopted the breech-loading system of Prussia, Russia has increased its field A. from three to four batteries per division, with 88 batteries of mitrailleuses added.