Austria.-The military forces of the Austro-Hungarian empire are divided into the standing army, the land welir:and the landsturm. Subjects of the empire are universally liable to service. The term of service is 10 years, 3 of which the soldier must spend in active service, being afterwards enrolled for 7 years in the army of reserve. He is still further liable to serve 2 years in the landwelir. The regiments of the standing army are under the control of the minister of war for the empire, while the laudwehr is controlled by the Austrian and Hungarian ministers of national defense. The emperor-king is the supreme chief of the whole of the military and naval forces of the empire. The Austrian infantry constitutes 80 regiments of the line, with 148,480 men; the chasseurs, 40 bat talions, with 21,451 men; of the cavalry there are 41 regiments (dragoons, hussars, lan cers), 43,993 men; of artillery, 13 regiments of field artillery, and 12 battalions of fortress artillery-in all, 28,695 men. The engineers and pioneers make 3 regiments, 8893 men. The sanitary troops and military train have 5748 men. The miscellaneous establishments (schools, magazines, etc.) number 25,174. In all, for the active army in time of peace, 284,435 (of whom 253,513 are combatants). On the war-footing these numbers are thus augmented: infantry, ' 485,680; chasseurs, 59,340; cavalry, 58,671; artillery, 70,614; engineers, 24,502; sanitary troops and military train, 45,727. Then the Austrian land wehr (infantry, chasseurs, and cavalry) comprises 3669 men in peace, 145,045 in war; and the Hungarian landwelir (the Honveds) 13,591 in peace, and 206,707 in war. The total of the Austrian military forces in peace-time is therefore 301,695; in war, 1,137,401.
I?-ttesia.-AecorAing to a law of military reorganization, the Russian forces are to be raised by annual conscription, to which all are liable who have completed their 21st year, and are not physically incapacitated. Substitution is prohibited. The period of service is 15 years; 6 in active service, and 9 in the reserve. The Russian military forces are composed of regular and irregular troops. The regular troops comprise 164 regiments of infantry, 281,012 men; cavalry, 52 regiments, 42,444 men; artillery, 33,021 men; engineers, 9819 men ; train, 4617 men. Total of field troops in time of peace, 370.913. In war as follows: infantry, 568,253 men; cavalry, 47,379; artillery, 40,846; engineers, 13,306; train, 21,329-total, 691,113. With local and other troops (in fortresses, etc.), and reserve troops, the Russian army in Europe amounts, on the peace footing, to 19,103 officers, and 508,674 men; in war, 22,871 officers, and 879,755 men. The army of the Caucasus amounts in peace to 125,643; in war, to 167,841. The army of Turkestan to 22,906; of Siberia, from 25,000 to 27,000. Besides seine thousand troops as gendarmes _ and in various military establishments, there is a grand tot 11 for the regular Russian army of 33,000 officers and 733,000 men; on_ the war-footing, 39,380 officers and 1,213,259 _ .
men. In addition there are the irregular troops, comprising about 190,000 men, chiefly cavalry.
Denmark.—All able-bodied young men 21 years of age are liable to serve 8 years in the regular army of Denmark, and 8 years iu the reserve. Denmark has 31 battalions of infantry (guards, line, reserve), comprising 26.750 men; 5 regiments of cavalry, with 2122 men ; 2 regiments and 2 battalions of artillery, with 6523 men; 2 battalions of engineers with 580 men. The total, line and reserve, is 1031 officers, 35,975 men; on the war-footing, 52,656 men.
Sweden, and Nortray. —There are five classes of soldiers in Sweden ; the enlisted troops, the national militia (indelta), the conscription troops (bevacring or landvaern), the militia of Gothland, and the volunteers. Of the soldiers of the line there is a total of
35,646 men ; of the reserve (landvaern), 86,101; of the Gothland militia and volunteers, 150,830. Norway has an army of its own, divided into the troops of the line, with re serve, military train, the landvacrn, the civic guards, and the landstorm. The troops of the line are 12,000 in time of peace; in time of war not more than 18,000 without the assent of the storthing.
lIollami.—The army of the Netherlands is formed partly by conscription and partly by enlistment; and there is besides a militia. The European army has, of infantry, 1122 officers and 43,690 men; cavalry, 184 officers and 4318 men; engineers, 1035 men; artillery, 421 officers and 10,610 men. With the staff, etc., the total force is 62,068 officers and men. There is besides in the East Indies a force of 27,659 officers and men.
Belgium.—The standing army is formed by conscription. Substitution is permitted. The legal period of service is 8 years. Belgium has 74,000 infantry (16 regiments), 8848 cavalry (7 regiments and 2 squadrons), 14,513 artillery (6 regiments), 24S6 engineers. In all, and without officers, 99,847.
Italy.—The Sardinian law of conscription forms the basis of the Italian military sys tem. The infantry of the line under arms on the peace-footing number 86,017; the ber eaglieri, 16,818; depots, 11,560; the cavalry, 18,449; the artillery, 19,732; engineers, 3027; carbineers, 20,915; administrative troops, etc., 7047; giving a total of 183,205. On the war-footing, these several forces are so increased as to give a total of 541,575; and with the addition of the provincial militia, 743,656..
Spain.—The army of Spain was reorganized in 1868 after the model of that of France. The active army has 60,000 infantry, 9000 cavalry, 2500 engineers, and 8500 artillery, making a total of 80.000 men. The reserves increase this number to 216,000. There is besides an army of 54,500 in Cuba, 9400 in Porto Rico, and of 9000 in the Philippines.
Suitzerland.—The federal army has 1269 engineers, 8401 artillery, 1942 cavalry, 0078 tirailleurs, 65,991 infantry, and 364 of a sanitary corps. In all. 84,045. There are, be sides, of the reserves, 51,102; the landwehr, 65,562; giving a total available military force of 201,578.
Turkey.—In 1871, the Turkish regular army had infantry to the number of 72,000; cavalry, 9000; artillery, 9500; engineers, 1600; with 1200 miscellaneous troops amount ing to 93,300. Before the war of 1877 it was proposed that by 1878 the regular army should be increased to 152,000. The irregulars (Bashi-bazouks, Spahis, etc.) are about 70,000. And the contingents which the dependent states are bound to furnish are sev, erally: Upper Albania. 10,000; Bosnia, 30,000; Egypt, 15,000; Tunis and Tripoli, 4000.
United States.—At the commencement of 1861 the U.S. army consisted only of about 14,000 regular troops. In various successive levies by the president during the civil war (1801-1865), as many as 2,653,062 men had been called out—nearly one fourth of.the entire population of the northern states. After the war the standing army was steadily diminished; and by a law passed in 1870 it is provided that there shall he no more than 30,000 enlisted men at one time. That force is distributed amongst 25 regiments of in fantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of artillery, and 1 battalion of engineers. Besides the regular army there is the militia, of which the nominal strength was at the last census, 3,245,000.
A separate and fuller treatment of the army of Great Britain is reserved for BRITISH ARMY; and for that in our Indian possessions see EAST INDIA ARMY. All the various matters relating to the formation, organization, discipline, arms, equipments, duties, and tactics of A., will be found succinctly treated under appropriate headings.