Andre Lacuna (1535), Charles Etienne, Gonthier (1536), Massa, Driander (1537), Syl vius (1539), Levasseur, and Gesner, were celebrated for A.; but especially Andrew Vesalius, b. 1514, who published a great work on A. before he was 28 years of age. He had the misfortune to open the body of a young Spanish nobleman whose heart Was found still beating, and was obliged to make an expiatory pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1564, the Venetian senate recalled him to succeed at Padua, the famous Fallopius, who had just died; on his return, he was shipwrecked on the island of Zante, where he was starved to death.
William Horman of Salisbury wrote, in 1530, Anatomia Corporis Humani (A. of Human Body); then came Ingrassias, and others of less note.
Thomas Gemini of London, in 1545, engraved upon copper the anatomical figures of Vesalius, which had appeared in Germany upon wood. Gemini suppressed the name of Vesalius, though using his figures and descriptions. Thomas Vicary, in 1548, is said to V the first who Wrote in English on A.; he published The Anglishman's Treasure, or The True A. of .}fan's Body. John Ligwus, in 1555, published an anatomical treatise in Latin hexameters. Franco (1556), Valverda, Columbus, and others, wrote works of great merit on A. In 1561, Gabriel Fallopius professed it with great distinction at Padua, and made many original discoveries.
In the 17th c., progress was rapid: Hervey, in 1619, discovered the circulation of the blood, and the microscope was employed to detect the structure of minute vessels. Aselli. in 1622. discovered and demonstrated the existence of the lymph-vessels; and his conclusions were supported by the investigations of Pecquet, Bartholin, and Claus Rudbcek. The glandular organs were investigated by Wharton, while Malpighi, Swam merdam, and (in the following century) the illustrious Ruysch, by the use of injections and the aid of the microscope, gave a new impulse to research in the minute structures. Eminent names in the history of A. are numerous in the 18th century. In Italy, which still retained its former pre-eminence, we find Pacchioni, Valsalva, Morgagni, San torini. Mascagni, and Cotunni ; in France, Winslow, D'Aubenton, Lieutaud, Vicq d'Azvr, and Bichat, the founder of general A.; in Germany, the accomplished Haller
and keckel prepared the way for greater achievements in the 19th c.; in Great Britain, Cowper. Cheselden, Hunter, Crnikshank, Monro, and Charles Bell contributed to the progress of the science; while Holland was worthily represented by Boerhaave, Albinus, Camper, Sandifort, and Bonn. On the boundaries of the two centuries, we find the names of Summering, Loder, Blumenhach, Hildebrand, Reil, Tiedemann, and Seiler; nearly all connected with practical medicine, which was benefited by their studies in A.
The necessity of a union of theory and practice has led to that zealous study of PATHOLOGICAL A. (the dissection and study of structures as modified by diseases) which has recently prevailed. The origin of this branch of A. may be traced back to ancient times in Egypt, where post-mortem examinations were sometimes made to discover the seat of disease and cause of death. In the medical writings of the Greeks, sonic ana tomico-pathological observations are found. During the general revival of science in the 16th c. many notices of pathological A. occur. In 1507, Benevieui of Florence wrote the c., book on this branch of science; and Bonet, in 1679, published his com pilation of numerous observations. Still, these were only fragmentary indications of a possible science, and the facts stated were often very erroneously interpreted. Mor gagni (1767), who must be regarded as the true founder of pathological A., was wor thily followed by Lieutaud, Sandifort, Hunter, Baillie, and others. keel:el the younger, in Germany, in his study of malformations, etc., paid little or no attention to practical applications of the science. The recent change of direction given to the study of pathological A., which is now properly regarded as a means towards prac tical improvements in medicine, must be ascribed to Bichat and the pupils of l3rous sais, among whom. may be mentionedthe names of Laennec, Cruveilhicr, Louis, Andral, Lobstein, Lebert, Virchow, Bennett, etc. In London and other large towns there are societies devoted specially to the investigation of pathology.