ANDREWS, ST., an ancient city of Scotland, is situated on the bay of the same name, in Fifeshire, about 10 m. from Cupar, and 44 m. from Edinburgh. Tradition dates the origin of this city as far back as the 9th c., when St. Regulus or Rule is said to have taken refuge in this place, then called Mucros, and afterward Kilrymont, bringing with 'him some of the bones of St. Andrew, which, being enshrined here, continued to be an object of pilgrimage for several centuries. A cave on the sea-shore still bears the name of St. Rule. Ile world seem to have founded a Culdee monastery, of which the Scottish king Constantine, having resigned his crown, became abbot about the year 940. Probably about the same time, it became the seat of a prelate, who, as "bishop of the Scots," con tinued to enjoy a certain prc-eminenee among the other bishops, until, in 1471, the see was erected into an archbishopric, when he became primate. In the reign of Alexander 1., a priory of canons regular was founded at St. A., which afterwards became one of the chief ecclesiastical establishments in Scotland. The last prior was the regent Moray In 1140 St. A. was created a burgh by the bishop, with consent of king David I. The cathedral, commenced in 1162, and consecrated in 1318, was sacrificed in 1559 to the frenzied zeal of the mob, an outrage which it is customary to attribute to the preaching of Knox. The eastern gable, part of the western, and part of the south side wall and of the transept, are all that remain of this building. It was the second cathedral of St. A..
the first being what is now called St. Ride's church, but was long known as "the old cathedral." Of this interesting little edifice, built between 1127 and 1144, the roofless chancel, and a square tower 108 ft. high, are still preserved. They are in the romanesque style.
The university of St. A., the oldest in Scotland, was founded by bishop Wardlaw in 1411. It consists of the United college of St. Salvator, founded by bishop Kennedy in 1456, and St. Leonard, founded in 1512; and St. Mary's college, founded by Beaton in 1537. The education in the latter is exclusively theological, The number of chairs
in the colleges which constitute the university is 14, and the attendance of late years has been rather less than 200. The castle. once a very extensive and strong building, is now in ruins. It was for some time the residence of cardinal Beaton, who was assassinated here in 1546. As the ecclesiastical metropolis of Scotland, an ancient seat of learning, and the center of a considerable trade, St. A., at the time of the refor mation, was an important and flourishing city. Since that period, it has greatly declined in importance; but its excellent educational establishments and convenience as a water ing,-place still make it an eligible residence for a highly respectable population. Its chief interest is still connected with the past. Here, in the center of the papal jurisdiction in Scotland. the reformation first made its appearance; Scotland's protomartyr, Patrick Hamilton, sulfe:red here in 1528. and George Wishart in 1546, and here John Knox first opened his lips as a preacher of the reformed faith. The trade of St. A. is inconsidera ble. The harbor is difficult of access, and particularly exposed to the e: wind. A few coasters and fishing-boats constitute all the shipping of the port, St. A. is much fre quented as a bathing-place, and the game of golf is more practiced than anywhere else in Scotland on the links or downs which stretch along the shore to the n. of the t. for about two miles. Besides its university, St. A. affords singular advantages for cheap and excellent education in the Madras college, established by the well-known Dr. Andrew Bell, which attracts a very large number of pupils, the annual average being about 900. The grammar school and commercial school are incorporated with it. St. A. is a royal and parliamentary burgh, and unites with several smaller burghs in returning a member to parliament. The corporation includes a provost, dean of guild, and four bailies. Pop. in 1851—parish, 6740; parliamentary burgh, 5107; 1871, parliamentary burgh, 6316.