ANAM', or ANNAM' (ante). The treaty with France concluded at Saigon, March, 1874, secured to the emperor of A. independence of all foreign powers, especially of the emperors of China. For this protection the emperor of A. pledged himself to accommo date his policy to that of France, to annul the enactments affecting the Roman Catholic religion, to open several ports to foreign commerce, and to admit to those ports French consuls and a limited number of armed guards. This treaty opened the ports of Haiph ong and Hanoi in 1875; and of Quinhon in 1876. Haiphong is a mere village on one of the mouths of the Songkoi, or Hongkiang (red river), at a point reached by vessels draw ing about 14 ft. of water. Hanoi, also on the Hongkiang, is properly the capital of Tonquin. Quinhon is a. seaport in 13" 50' n. and 69' e. The form of government in A. is an unlimited monarchy. Hwang-te, the emperor, has a personal council and seven ministers. The principal divisions of the empire, Tonquin and Cochin-China, have each a viceroy, and there is a governor at the head of each province. The empire of A. com prises Cochin-China (independent of the six provinces of lower Cochin-China, which were ceded to France in 1862-67) and the province of Tonquin (conquered in 1862) iu the n.; and Tsiampa in the s.; also, as tributaries, the territory of the Laos. and the independent Moi tribes. The area of A. is about 200,000 sq.m., and its pop. is sup
posed to be 12,000,000, of whom the largest portion are in the provinces of Tonquin. Hui is the capital, with a population, including the suburbs, of 50,000, of whom about 3,000 are Chinese. The religion of the great mass of the people is a belief in witchcraft, while the educated classes adhere to the doctrines of Confucius, and Buddhism is tolerated. The Christians (Roman Catholics) are rated at 420,000. The army is in six corps, com prising 150,000 men; each corps comprises five regiments of 12 companies, or 25.000 men. The navy consists of seven small corvettes, 300 junks, and a few vessels ceded by France in 1876; the whole armament being 1400 guns and 16,000 men. The imports are hardware, cotton thread, hosiery, Chinese faience, mirrors, opium, paper, petroleum, tea, dyes, and liquors. There are no railroads or telegraphs in the empire. The country pro duces sugar, rice, tropical fruits, and valuable timber. The people partake of the char acteristics of their neighbors, the Chinese on one side and the Malays on the other. They are indolent, inoffensive, and fond of gayety. In dress and social customs, they are much like the Chinese, though their women are not compelled to live in seclusion. See COCHIN CHINA, ante.