1870 Ohio ranked fourth among the states in the capital employed in manufacturing and in the value of manufactured products; first, in the value of woodenware, and second to Illinois in the making of agricultural implements. The con sus of 1880 may place this state at the head of the world in the latter industry. In iron • works Ohio ranked next to Pennsylvania and New York. The number of establish ments that year was 22,773, employing upwards of 137,202 hands, of whom 119,686 were men, 11,575 women, and 5,941 boys and girls under 15 years of age. They used 4,586 steam engines, aggregating 129,577 horse-power, and 2,157 water-wheels, of 44.746 horse power. The capital engaged was $141,923,964; the wages paid per year, $49,066,488, cost of raw materials, $157,131,697; and value of products, $269,713,610. The great business of all new and flourishing states—the manufacture of houses—does not enter specifically into the list of manufactures, and is not given fully or even approximately under the several head's of figures opposite to carpentering and building, brick, lumber, etc. The following table shows, otherwise, the main manufacturing interests of the state in 1870: The coal and iron mining in the state in 1870 was represented by 535 companies, employing 11,241 men and 4,143 horse-power in steam engines. The capital invested was $9,017,197, and the product of that year was valued at $7,751,544. The out-put of all the coal mines has Greatly increased since that time, especially those of the Hocking valley coal fields, which have been opened up to a vast market n. and w. by the comple tion of railroads to the lake at Toledo and Sandusky, crossing all the e. and w. railroads. The production of pig iron in 1872 was 399,743 tons; about one-seventh the whole prod uct in the United States. Lawrence and Jackson counties lead in the production of these ores. The number of smelting stacks was about 1000. In 1873 there were 44 rolling mills, of which 15 were making- railway iron; 4, Bessemer steel rails; and 7, other kinds of steel. The refinement of petroleum oil, which amounted in 1873 to 1,315,000 galls.. has since swelled to far greater proportions; and the manufacture of quick-lime, and water-lime cement, has become a great industry Pork and other meat-packing has become, by the appliances of machinery to the work, one of the manufactures of the country. Ohio formerly outranked all the other states in the packing business, but is now second to Illbitsis. -The records of the packing of 18744:5 for Ohio show 871,730 hogs etit itqc,Vnaaking 241;737,547 lbs. The laid product Was' 35,459,594 lbs.
Total value of the hogs packed, $16,597,400. Bacon, 465,075,171 Ibs.; hams, 162,776, 300 lbs.; shoulders, 186,030,068 lbs. See CINCINNATI.
Commerce.—Ohio has three U. S. customs districts, of which the ports of entry are Toledo, Sandusky, and Cleveland, and Cincinnati is a port of entry in the district of Louisiana for the state of Ohio. These customs ports represent only the foreign imports
and exports, which the position of Ohio on the lakes, adjoining Canada. and in communi cation with ocean commerce through the Canadian canals and the St. Lawrence, enables her merchants to make direct to and from foreign conutries. The same may be said of Cincinnati, though its foreign trade must be done much more indirectly through the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The foreign commerce of Ohio is, however, insignificant compared with the vast domestic commerce e.,. w., n., and s., along her lakes, railways, canals, and great river. Lake Eric is still the greatest single highway of commerce for the slate.
Formerly the canals were expected to be second only to the lake and the Ohio river in volume of commerce, but the railways have far surpassed them in carrying facilities, so that the great value of the former is now to secure low rates on the railways by their always cheaper, though slower, transportation. There are 690 71). of canal in the state, including 36 in. of feeders and side cuts, besides 93 m. of slack-water navigation on the Muskingum river from Marietta to Dresden. The Ohio canal, between Cleveland and Portsmouth on the Ohio, and with its 22 in. of feeders, is 331 na. long. The Miami and Erie canal, from Toledo to Cincinnati, is 246 m. long, with— Wabash feeder to Indiana state line 18 miles. Sidney feeder 14 " St. Mary's reservoir 11 " Walhonding to Rochester 25 " Hocking, Carroll to Athens 56 " Total 360 miles.
The "Wabash feeder," as it is listed above, is really the main line of the Wabash canal, extending from Toledo s.w. into Indiana, a distance of 422 miles. The Miami and Erie being the first chartered, the Wabash merges its name from the junction down to Toledo. The Wabash canal, when it was finished in 1844. was the longest canal in the world. The business still transacted on all these canals is very great. On the Ohio canal it has become principally of coal, iron ore, and bulky farm products; on the Wabash and Miami and Erie canals, it is principally in corn, wheat, provisions, and lumber, with a large business also in heavy merchandise, coal, iron, ice, etc.
Railroads.—About 60 different lines of railway form a net-work in every direction through the state, making about 7,000 ID. in length, without counting double or more than double tracks. The following table gives the names of all the railway companies doing business in Ohio, many of them wholly in the state, and others parts of long lines which traverse the state mostly from c. to w.; also, the assessed values upon which such roads so lying within the state were taxed in 1879: State