NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY, D.D., was b. in London. Feb. 21, 1801, and educated at the school of Dr. Nicholas, at Ealing, whence he passed in 1816 to Trinity college, Oxford. of which college he became a scholar by competitive examination in 1818. Having graduated in 1820, he was elected fellow of Oriel college in 1822, where he attracted the notice of Dr. Whately, and was by him employed in the preparation for publication of his well-known Treatise on Logic, and introduced to the editor of the Encyclopedia Metro politana, to which he became a contributor. ' He was ordained in 1824; and in the fol lowing year, his friend Dr. Whately having been appointed head of St. Alb an hall, Newman was by him selected as his vice-principal; but on being named tutor in Ina own college in 1827, as also public examiner, lie resigned the vice-principalship. In 1828 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Oxford, in which church the sermons he delivered at a late period had an extraordinary influence in forwarding the religious movement With which his _name is permanently associated. At this period Newman was an earnest antagonist of the Roman Catholic church. He was' one of those who transferred their support from sir Robert Peel to sir Robert Inglis on occasion of the former's introducing the Roman Catholic relief bill; and he was one of the most active in commencing and carrying on the so-called Oxford movement—the great object of which was to counteract as well the Romanizing as the dissenting tendencies of the time, by restoring and bringing into notice what Newman and his Mends believed to be the Catholic character of the English church. With this view he commenced, in 1833, the series known as the 0•iford Tracts, to which he was himself one of the chief contributors; and in 1838 he also became editor of the British Critic, which was an organ of the same views, and, in conjunction with Drs. Pusey mid Kahle, of a Library rf Translations from the Greek and Latin Fathers. lie continued the publication of the tracts up to the 90th number, which was written by himself, and the tendency of which was so distasteful to the Anglican authorilies that the heads of houses at Oxford condemned the tract, and the Bishop of Oxford called on Newman to discontinue the publication—a request with which he at once complied The British Critic continued for some time longer to advo cate the same opinions; but in 1843 that publication also was discontinued; and New man, who had for some time resided at Littlemore, near Oxford, engaged, in company with some of his more youthful adherents, in study and ascetic exercises, thenceforward confined himself chiefly to his Littlemore residence, and eventually, in Oct., 1845, was
admitted into the Roman Catholic church, a step which was immediately followed by the publication of a work on the Development of Doctrine, which was intended as an explana tion of the process through which the writer's own mind had passed. Soon afterwards layman repaired to Rome, where, after some preparation, lie was admitted to orders in the Roman Catholic church; and in 1848, on his return to England, he established a branch of the congregation of the oratory of St. Philip Neri, of which be was himself appointed the superior. In 1859 he was appointed rector of the Catholic university established in Dublin, an office which he held for five years. afterwards returning to Birmingham, where he still resides, and in connection with which he has established a school of higher studies for the youth of the Roman Catholic religion. Dr. Newman, in addition to the large share which he had in the publications already named, is the author of several very important works, written as well before as after his withdrawal from Anglicanism. Of the former period are his History of the Arians; Prophetical Office of the Church; The Church, of the Fathers; an Essay on Miracles; a Translation of the Treatises of St. Athanasius, with many learned dissertations, and several volumes of ser mons. To the latter period belong the Development of Christian Doctrine; Lectures on Catholicism in England; Apologia pro Vita' Sad; Letter to Dr. Pusey; Essay on Assent; and Letter to the Duke of Norfolk on H. Gladstone's Expostulation (1875). Newman is also the author of two religious tales, Loss and Gain and Gallista, and of some tine hymns. He was made a. cardinal deacon of the church in 1879.