NEW BRUNSWICK, a province of the Dominion of Canada, is bounded on the n.w. by Canada and the bay of Chaleur, on the n.e. by the gulf of St. Lawrence and the strait of Northumberland, on the a. try Nova Scotia and the bay of Fundy, and on the s.w. by the state of Maine. It has an area of 27,710 sq.m., or 17.784,400 acres (rather more than the area of Scotland), and a population, in 1871, of 285,594. The coast line is 500 m. in extent, and is indented by spacious bays, inlets, and harbors, which afford safe and commodious anchorage for shipping. The chief are Fundy, Chigneeto. and Cumberland bays, the last two being Merely extensions of the first; Passamaquoddy bay in the s.; Verte, Shediac, Cocaigne. Richibncto. and Miramichi bays on the n.e.; and the bay of Chaleur, 80 m. long by 27 broad, in the n.w. The province of New Bruns wick abounds in rivers. The principal are the St. .Tohn and the St. Croix, the former 450, and the latter 100 m. in length, and both falling into the hay of Fundy; and of tire rivers that flow eastward into the gulf of St. Lawrence, the Rithibucto, the Miramiehi, and the Restig,ouelle. The province contains numerous lakes, one of wide)), Grand lake, is 100 sq.m. in area. Most of the others are much smaller. The surface' is for tire most part fiat or undulating. With the exception of the district in the bordering on Canada and the river Restigouche, no portion of New Brunswick is marked by any con siderable elevation. Here, however, the country is beautifully diversified by hills of 300 to 800 ft. in height. ' These elevations, which form an extension of the Appalachian range, are interspersed with fertile valleys and table-lands, and are clothed almost to their summits with lofty forest-trees. In this district the scenery is remarkably beauti ful. In the s. of the colony the surface is broken up by great ravines, and the coast is bold and rocky. The shores on the e. coast, and for 20 in. inland, arc flat. The soil is deep and fertile: Of the whole acreage, 14,000,000 acres are set down as good land, and 3,600,000 acres as poor land. New Brunswick contains a rich and extensive wheat producing district; but the inhabitants, dividing their time between farming, lumber ing-, fishing, ship-building, and other pursuits, and following no regular system of tillage, have not till quite recently attempted to keep pace with modern agricultural improvements. The farming has not been judicious; many parts of the country have
been allowed to become exhausted ; and, although signs of improvement begin to be manifest, still there is prevalent a deplorable lack of of the principles of scientific agriculture. Several cheese factories have becu established in the province within the last few years. In one year one of these has manufactured as much as 25,000 lbs. The crown lands are at present being disposed of under the act 31 Viet. cap. 7, 1868. This act provides that certain portions of eligible land shall be reserved for actual settlers, and not be disposed of to speculators, or for lumbering purposes. A male of 18 years of age or upwards may obtain 100 acres, either by payment, in advance, of $20 (24 3s.), to aid in the construction of roads and bridges in the vicinity of his location, or upon his performing labor on such roads and bridges, to the value of $10 a year, for three years. He must also, within two years, build a house on his land of not less dimensions than 16 ft. by 20, and clear two acres. After a residence for three years in succession he receives a deed of grant if he has paid the $20 in advance or cultivated ten acres. The receipt of the crown-lands department of the provincial government for the year ending Oct. 31, 1868, amounted in value to $3,803,109. During 1870 no less than 925 grants of land were isaued. The climate is remarkably healthy, and the autumn—and especially the season called the Indian summer—is particularly agreeable. In the interior the heat in summer rises to 80°, and sometimes to and in winter, which lasts front the middle of December to the middle of March, the mercury sometimes falls as low as 49' below zero. At Fredericton, the capital, situated on St. John river, 65 in. from the s. and 130 m. front the n. coast, the temperature ranges from 35' below to 95° above zero, and the mean is about 42'.