OGY"GIA, a genus of trilobites peculiar to the Llandeilo flags of the lower Silurian period. Six species have been described.
01II0, one of the United States, lies between lat. 38° 17' to 41° 54' n., and long. 80' 34' to 84° 49' w. • 225 m. in extent from e. to w., and nearly 200 m. from n. to s. ; containing 39,964 sq.m., or 25,576,960 acres; bounded n. by Michigan and lake Erie, e. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, from which it is by the Ohio river. which also forms its southern boundary, separating it from Virginia and Kentucky, and w. by Indiana. The Ohio river forms its boundary for 436 m., and its lake shore is 230 miles. The high tablelands hilly, and in parts mountainous regions of Ohio, are drained by numerous rivers, among which are the Great and Little Miami, Seiota, and Muskin gum, effluents of the Ohio; and the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, Vermillion, Cuyahoga, and Ashtabula, which empty into lake Erie. Drift formations prevail in the n., allu vium in the s., with extensive coal-measures, and limestone strata, shales, mans, and gypsum, giving the whole state a wonderful fertility. The coal-beds of eastern Ohio cover 10,000 sq.m., with abundant deposits of iron ore. In the n. are valuable deposits of buhrstone, a fossiliferous flinty.quartz. used for millstones. The salt produced in 1873 was reported at 4,154,187 bushels. Oil wells have also been opened, and 1,315,660 barrels of oil were refined in the state in 1873. The soil, rich everywhere, is so fertile in the river bottoms as to have borne heavy cereal crops 50 successive years without manuring; the climate is temperate, with a liability to a cold in winter reaching some times to 20' below zero. It is healthy, except lowlands liable to fever and ague. The forests are rich in oak, black walnut, maple, etc.; the chief agricultural productions are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, bay, sorghum, tobacco, hemp, peaches, apples, mrapas, cattle, sheep, swine. the latter being one of its chief exports. The chief manufactures are iron, clothing, furniture, spirits, wines, cotton. and woolen. The wine called Catawba, produced upon the southern shore of lake Erie, compares very favorably with the similar wines of the Rhine. Farms occupy 21,712,420 acres, with an average size of 111 acres. A large commerce is carried on by the Ohio river, the lakes, canals, and zrunerous railways. The. state is organized in 83 counties. The chief towns are Cin cianati, Cleveland, Columbus (the capital), Sandusky, Zanesville, etc.. In 1874 there were 170 national and 243 private and other banks. The state revenue in the year end ing Nov. 15, 1874, amounted to $5,768,789. Among the state institutions are 4. lunatic asylums, asylums for deaf and dumb, blind, idiots, penitentiary, reformatories, etc. In 1370 there were 11,952 establishments for 'education, including 9 universities, 33 col leges, 11 theological institutions, 19 medical, and 11,458 public schools. The total attendance was 790,795. The state possesses many extensive libraries, and has 395 newspapers. - In 1874, 4,374 tn. of railway were open for traffic.
Ohio was organized and admitted as a state in 1803. The pop. in 1800 was 45,365; '20, 581.434; '40, 1,519,467; '60, 2,339,599, of whom 111,257 were Germans, 51,562 Irish, 36,000 English and Scotch; '70, 2,675,468.
01110 (ante). Ilistory.—The cavalier de La Salle is the first white traveler of record on the soil of Ohio. His journey to discover the Ohio river was made in the winter and spring of 1669-70. See Onto RrvEn. No settlement followed that discovery for a hun dred years. The whole territory w. of the Alleghenies was claimed alike by the English and the French, and each made it dangerous for the other to form any permanent settle ments. The treaty between those powers in 1763 ceded the territory s. of the lakes to England. The English col. Boquet traversed the state with a military expedition against Indians in 1764. The colony of Virginia claimed the whole n.w. territory ceded by
France under grants from the crown. But Connecticut, New York, and other colonies, also claimed an interest in the same country by conflicting grants. Virginia patriotically cAed her claim to the general government in 1787. Connecticut obtained a recognition of her claim in a compromise by which a tract was set off to her on the s. side of lake Erie containing 3,666,021 acres, known as the " Western Reserve" or "New Connecticut." In 1800 Connecticut relinquished her jurisdiction over the domain. but retained the title to the land and sold it through her own agents. Congress assumed jurisdiction over the north-west territory in 1787. In 1780 a company was organized in Boston under the lead of gan. Rufus Putnam, to buy a large tract in Ohio for colonization; but before the c.dony started they secured a grant of land from congress; other companies secured sim ib2r grants; and .'14euzibers .of- con& esswCre' largely intorested in thew)The lands so granted amounted to 5,000,000 acres, of which gen. Putnam's party, known as " the Ohio company," were authorized to locate 1,500,000 acres. They selected lands Injudi ciously near the mouth of the Muskingum river. In April, 1878, a company of New England people,.representing some of the most educated and estimable families, were conducted to that locality and founded the town of Marietta, so named in compliment to Marie Antoinette, queen of our French ally. A similar settlement was made at Cincin nati the autumn of the same year; and a few years later migrations from the leading social and industrial society of the eastern states settled in the western reserve. The Indians, however, were not dispossessed of their rights, and were much feared until the victories of gen. Wayne over them in 1794 at Tippecanoe in Indiana, and at Presque isle on the Maumee river. From that time for yard emigration surged over the territory. It established a territorial government in 1800; adopted a state constitution, and was admit ted into the union as a state in 1802. Chillicothe was the capital, 1800-10; Zanesville from 1810 to 1812; Chillicothe again from 1812 to 1816, when Columbus became, and remains, the seat of government.
North-western Ohio was the theater of some events of the war with England in 1812-15. Col. Croghan made a brilliant defense of a rude fort at Sandusky; gen. Har rison maintained fort Meigs, on the Maumee, against a combined force of British and their Inclian allies nnder Tecumseh; and lieut., afterwards commodore Perry, won a brilliant naval victory at the w. end of lake Erie over a British fleet which came down from Detroit to attack him. 17rom that time to the present the progress of the state in population and towards a high average condition of comfort for all the people has been nobler than any of the more exciting events war. Yet the people during the war of the rebellion, 1861-65, illustrated how "the peaceful ever are the strong" by sending into the field promptly as they were called, and always thoroughly equipped, 310,000 men; and furnishing a large proportion of the most successful generals. The state has since inherited from Virginia the title of " the mother of presidents." The following table shows the population of the state from the time it took a territo rial government to the present: The cities of Ohio which show a population of upwards of 10,000 by the census of 1880 are: Cincinnati, 255,708; Cleveland, 160,142; Columbus, 51,665; Toledo. 50,143; Dayton, 38,677; Springfield, 20,729; Zanesville, 18,120; Akron, 16,511; Sandusky, 15,838; Youngstown, 15,431; Canton, 12,258; Hamilton, 12,122; Steubenville, 12,093; Portsmouth, 11,314; Chillicothe, 10,938.
The population of the counties of the state by the census of 1880 is, as far as received: