PANNO'NIA, a province of the ancient Roman empire, bounded on the n: and e. by the Danube, ou the w. by the mountains of Noricum, and on the s. reaching a little way across the Save; and thus including part of modern Hungary, Slavonia, parts of Bosnia, of Croatia, and of Carniola, Styria, and lower Austria. It received its name from the Pannonians, a race of doubtful origin, but who at first dwelt in the country between the Dalmatian mountains and the Save, in modern Bosnia, and afterward more to the s.e. in Moesia. The Roman arms were first turned against them and their neighbors, the lapy des, by Augustus in 35 B.C., and after the conquest of Segestica or Siscia (Siszek) he sub dued them. An insurrection took place in 12 B.C., which Tiberius crushed after a long struggle; and a more formidable one of the Dalmatians and Pannonians together in 6 A.D., which was suppressed by Tiberius and Gerrnanicus, but not till 8 A.D. Fifteen legions had to be assembled against the Pannonians, who mustered warriors. Hereupon the Pannonians settled In the more northern countries, which received their name, and of which the former inhabitants, the Celtic Boii, had been in great part destroyed in Cwsar's time. The country was now formed into a Roman province, which was secured against the inroads of the Marcomanni and Quadi by the Danube, and on its other frontiers had a line of fortresses. Military roads were constructed by the conquer
ors, who also planted in the country many colonies and municipia, and thus gave it a rough coating of civilization. Great numbers of the Pannonian youth were drafted into legions, and proved, when disciplined, among the bravest and most effective soldiers in the imperial army. Pannah was subsequently divided into upper (or western) and lower (or eastern) Pannonia, and under Galerius and Constantine underwent other changes. Upper Pannonia was the scene of the Marcomannic war in the 2d century. In the 5th c. it was transferred from the western to the eastern empire, and afterward given up to the Huns. After Attila's death, in 453, the Ostrogoths obtained possession of it. The Longobards under Alboin made themselves masters of it in 527, and relinquished it to the Avari upon commencing their expedition to Italy. Slavonian tribes also settled in the south. Charlemagne brought it under his scepter. In the reigns of his success ors, the Slavonians spread northward, and the country became a part of the great Mora vian kingdom, till the Magyars or Hungarians took it in the end of the 9th century. In the time of the Romans, biscia (Siszett), Vindobona (Vienna), Carnuntnm (near Haim burg), and Arrabo (Raab), were among its principal towns.