Many of the manufactured goods, and wine, olive oil, wool, hemp, tobacco. bread stuffs, catgut, etc., were exported. the total exports amounting to about £2,600.000, while the imports reached nearly £14,000,000. The statistics were latterly very unreliable. but the fact that the papal states are now no more, renders details of trade under pon tifical rule a matter of little importance. Indeed, no information on such topics was issued under the latest years of the political power of the pope.
Gorernment.—The pope possessed absolute and unlimited power, but the members of the college of cardinals, who elected him, generally kept the chief offices of state in their own hands, and assisted the pope in the government of fiis states, as well as in the affairs of the church. The secretary of state was at the head of political affairs, and was nomi nated by the pope. He presided over both the ministerial council and the council of state. The former council, which consisted of five or more ministers, heads of depart ments, selected by the pope, had a voice in legislation, and also the right of authorita tive interpretation of the laws; the latter, which consisted of 13 members, also nominated by the pope, had, in matters of legislation and finance, only the right of giving advice; but it settled any question of competency that might arise between the various branches of the administration. After 1850 there was also a separate finanz-consulta for the regu lation of financial affairs. The Comarca, which was more directly under the central government, was ruled by a cardinal-president; the legation was ruled by a cardIml legate, aided by a provincial chamber of deputies. There were civil and criminal courts in all the provinces, minor courts in the communes, with courts of appCal in all the chief cities, and a central tribunal at Rome. All the proceedings of these courts were public, e :cent trials for political offenses.
The papal army, which formerly amounted to 20,000 men, in June, 1863, numbered only 8,513 men, infantry, cavalry, artillery, etc., included, and a considerable portion of the papal territory was garrisoned by French troops, without whose aid the pope's power could not have been maintained.
The income and expenditure for 1859, the last year of the entirety of the papal states, were respectively 14,453,325 seudi (£3.126,028). and 15,019,346 scudi (£.3,248,038); but the three succeeding years showed a widely different result, the expenses being largely increased by the cost of the war, while from the rebellious provinces scarcely any taxes were collected. The income and expenditure for these three years were nearly as follows: E7)enditure. Income.
1860 £4,720,809 £1,716,658 1801 4,291,644 1,716,658 1862... 2,145,822 1,072,911 The finances continued in the same deplorable condition, and the national debt amounted to about £17,000,000. The tax known as " Peter's pence," which was collected from all the Roman Catholic countries, had produced at the beginning of 1863 about £1,080,000.
IRstory.—Duriug the rule of the Goths and Lombards in Italy, the inhabitants of Rome and all who desired to live free from the barbarian yoke, feeling that the Greek empire was incapable of protecting them, and at the same time observing the pertinacity and energy with which the pope asserted the importance and dignity of Rome, naturally looked up to him as in some sort a protector; and it is to the gradual growth and spread of this feeling that the important position subsequently taken by the pope,s as authorities in temporal matters is chiefly due. About 720 A.D., Gregory III., having quarreled with the emperor Leo the Isauriau, declared the independence of Rome. In 726 Pepin le bref compelled the Lombard king to hand over Ravenna, Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Cesena, Urbino, Forli, Comaceldo, and 15 other towns, to the pope, who now assumed the state of a temporal sovereign. Pepin's example was followed by his son Charlemagne; but, notwithstanding, the pope's sovereignty was more nominal than real,. as the towns were not in his possession, and he only obtained a small share of their revenues. In the 11th c. the Normans greatly aided to increase the papal temporal authority, and in 1053 the duchy of Benevento was annexed. In 1102 the countess Matilda of Tuscany left to the pope her fiefs of Parma, :Mantua, Modena, and Tuscany, but these were immediately seized by the German emperor, and of this magnificent bequest only a few estates came into the pope's hands. Between this period and the end of the 13th c. the popes succeeded, often by unscrupulous means, in obtaining from many of the free towns of Italy an acknowledgment of the superiority of the Roman see over them; and in 1278 the emperor Rudolf I. confirmed the popes in the acquisitions
thus obtained, defined authoritatively the boundaries of the papal states, and acknowl• edged the pope's exclusive authority over them by absolving their inhabitants from their oath of allegiance to the empire. The papal states at this time included Perugia, Bologna, Bertinoro, the duchy of Spoleto, the exarchy of Ravenna, and the march of Ancona; but many of the towns were either republics or hereditary principalities, and in none did the pope possess real authority. Sixtus IV., in the end of the 15th c., man aged to annex the Romagna to his dominions; in effecting which he is accused of having employed intrigue,perjury, and murder. His successors, Alexander VI. and Julius II., increased the papal states by the addition of Pesaro, Rimini, Faenza, Parma, Placentia, and Reggio. By the victory of the French at Marignan (1515), the very existence of the papal power was threatened; but the able policy of Leo X. averted the threatened dan ger. In 1545 Paul III. alienated Parma and'Placentia, and erected them into a duchy for his son, Pietro Luigi Farnese; but this logs was partly made up by the acquisitions of Gregory XIII. In 1598 the possessions of the houseof Este, viz., Ferrara, Comacchio, and a part of the Romagna, were seized by pope Clement VIII.; and the papal states received their final additions in Urbino (1623), Ronciglione, and the duchy of Castro (1650). The Romagna was seized by Napoleon in 1797, and incorporated in the Cisalpine republic; and in the following year Borne was taken by the French, and the papal states erected into the Roman republic. Pius VII., in 1800, obtained possession of his states, but they were almost immediately retaken by the French, and finally(1809) incorporated with France, Rome being reckoned the second city of the empire. In 1814 the pope returned to his dominions, and was formally reinstated by the treaty of Vienna, mainly through the exertions of the non-Roman Catholic powers, Russia, Prussia, and Britain; hut the clerical misgovernment contrasted so strongly with the liberal administration of France that in 1830 the people. of Ancona and Bologna rose in rebellion. They wen put down by the aid of an Austrian army, but the abuses in the administration were so flagrant that even Austria urged the necessity for reform. Her remonstrances, however, were not attended to, and the Bolognese again rebelled. This second revolt supplied Austria with a pretext for occupying the northern legations, and the French at the same time garrisoned Ancona. Occasional risings took place from time to time up to 1816, when the present pope, Pins IX., assumed the tiara, and burst upon the astonished world in the new character of a reforming pope. His projects were of a most liberal character, and were put in force with great energy, despite the opposition of Austria ; but, alarmed at the spread of revolution in Europe during 1848, he halted in his career, just at the critical moment when to halt was to be lost. The people rose, and Pius IX. fled to Gaeta, whilst Rome was proclaimed a republic. He was restored, and his Sub jects reduced to submission by the arms of France, Austria, Naples, and Spain. The Austrians held the legations in subjection to the pope's authority till 1859; and the French occupied Rome in his behalf for 10 years more. In July; 1859, the four northern (the Romagna), taking advantage of the withdrawal of the Austrian troop:, quietly threw off the papal authority, and proclaimed their annexation to Sardinia, which was formally acknowledged by Victor Emmanuel in Mar., 1860. The pope now raised a large body of troops, appointing Lamoriciere, an eminent French gen., to com• mand them, for the purpose of resisting any further encroachments on his dominions; but the news of Garibaldi's success in Sicily and Naples produced revolt in the legation of Urbino and in the marches, the people proclaiming Victor Emmanuel. The Sardin ians accordingly marched into the papal states, defeated Lamorieiere in two encounters, and finally compelled him to retire into Ancona, where, after a siege of seven days, he was compelled to surrender with his whole army. The revolted provinces of Umbria, Urbino, and the marches were immediately annexed to Sardinia; and the isolated prov inces of Benevento and Pontecorvo (a part of Frosinone), which were situated within the kingdom of Naples, shared the same fate. in Oct., 1870, the French having withdrawn, the remnant of the papal states voted for annexation to the kingdom of Italy.