PAPER (ante). The manufacture of Paper in the American colonies was not under taken until 1609, about 50 years after the introduction of printing. The first mill was established in the vicinity of Philadelphia by William Rittenhausen, a native of Ger many; and among the others that clime into existence during the next 80 years was one established in the town of Milton, near Boston, in 1730, by Daniel Henchman and Peter Faneuil; one in Norwich, Conn., in 1768, by Christopher Leffingwell; and others here and there in New Jersey, Delaware, and' Pennsylvania. In 1810 the number of mills in the United States was estimated to be 185; of which 7 were in N. H., 38 in Mass., 4 in R. I., 17 in Conn., 9 in Vt., 28 in N. Y., 60 in Penn., 4 in Del., 3 in Md., 4 in Va., 1 in S. G, 6 in amd 4 in Tenn. The Fourdrinier machine was the one chiefly in use and the bulk of the manufacture was from white rags. The mills produced at that date about 50,000 reams of newspaper annually; 70,000 cams of book paper; 111,000 reams of writing paper; and 100,000 reams of wrapping paper, together valued at about P300,000. After 20 years the business had increased so extensively that the manufac
turers began to import rags in large quantities 'from Italy and Austria; and in 1852 the consumption of paper in the United States was equal to that of England and France together. By the census of 1870 there were in the United States, exclusive of paper hanging manufactories, 669 establishments, principally manufacturing printing, writing, and wrapping paper, with a capital of $34,365,014, and producing paper annually valued at $48,676,935. Of these manufactories 174 in N. Y. produced $10,301,563; 65 in Mass., $6,661.886; 75 in Penn., $5,176.646; 43 in Ohio, $3,799,505; and 60 in Conn., $2,715,630.
in English law, is the name given to the pleadings on both sides in an action at law, when the issue is one, not of fact, but of law.