At preseut, there are in Britain about 56 quarterly periodicals, of which, however, hardly more than 8 are, strictly speaking, reviews. Above 400 periodicals are published monthly, and, inclusive of newspapers, from 300 to 400 weekly.
France possessed as far back as 1665 a critical review ealled.the Journal des Savants, which, idler it lengthened interruption, began again in 1816, and holds a respectable posi tion as a scientific journal. A number of literary and scientific journals sprung up in last century, as the Nouveau Journal des Savants. Journal Litt6•aire, Journal Eneyclo redigue, etc. Among the best was the Magazin Encyclopidigne, begun in 1795. and From 1819 to 1855. combined with the Revue Eneydopedtque. One of the most noted critical journals in Europe,is published in Paris, the Revue des Deux Mondes, which began in 1829, and has, since 1831, appeared fortnightly. In it and the other French periodicals of the same kind, the review form is not so completely preserved as with us: a propor tion of tales, poetry, etc., is admitted, and the names of the contributors are required to be attached to their articles. The Revue des Deux 3londes has had many shortlived imi tators, more or less identified with different political parties. The principal French reviews of more recent date are the Revue Contemporaine, Athenteum Frunfaise, Revue d'Europe.
In Germany, reviews have taken even a deeper root than in England. The Giittinger Gelehrte Anzeigen, which is the oldest publication of the kind, still preserves a high char acter. German criticism can, however. hardly be said to havo begun before the time of Lessing, who, in conjunction with Nieolai of Berlin, established in 1757, the Mbliothek der schlinen 1Vissenschaften, and afterwards various other journals, characterized by an independence of thought unknown before. The Allgemeine Literaturzeitung, founded at Jena in 1785, was a periodical of a still higher character, having for contributors the most eminent literary men of the period. When transferred from Jena to Halle, another
journal, called the Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturveitunq, sprung up at the former place, under the auspices of the celebrated literary circle at Weimar, of whom Goethe was the center. These two periodicals existed till 1848. Of modern German reviews, the Deutsche Randschau and the Literarisches Centralblatt arc specimens of two different types, The Deutsche's Museum, the Gartenlanbe (thc most widely read of German peri• odieals, with a circulation of nearly 400,000), and Im Neuen Reich, are rather magazines than reviews.
Italy possessed a critical journal. Giornale del titterati, as far back as 1710, conducted by Apostolo Zeno, which continued for 23 years. A new journal of the same name, founded at Pisa in 1771, attained considerable repute. From 1826 to 1830, the Biblioteca ltalAzna and Antologia di Firenze, were reviews of considerable ability. The scientific periodicals of Italy are generally creditable. More than 30 periodicals are now published in Itome alone, the number having rapidly increased since the events of 1870.
The United States of America possess a large variety of periodicals, quarterly and monthly, and in a less degree weekly, issuing chiefly from the presses of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.. The most,noted critical journal is the North American Review, established in 1815, and the best known magazines are Scribner's Monthly, The Atlantic Monthly, and Harper's _Yew Monthly. It is to he mentioned with regret that. owing. to the want of an international law of copyright with the United Kingdom, many ov the less reputable of the American periodicals systemalically incorporate articles, without permission or payment, from the periodicals of Great Britain.
Latterly, as is well .known, many of the periodicals, both of Europe and America, have acquired an interest by the introduction of wood-engravings, on the preparation of which large sums are expended. See W000-ExonfivExo.