PARE, A MIIIMISE, a renowned French surgeon, and the father of modern surgery, was It. about the beginning of the 16111 c., at Laval. department of 3Tayenne, France. His father, who was a trunk-maker, was unable to afford him a literary education, and apprenticed him to a harbor and surgeon. Pare, after a brief term of service, acquired such a fondness for surgery and anatomy, that, abandoning his master, lie went to , Paris to prosecute his studies. His means for doing so were very limited; he could afford to obtain instruction from only the more obscure teachers; few books were within his reach, yet by dint of persevermme and the exercise of a rare discrimination, com bined with the valuable practice in the Hotel de Dieu of Paris, he laid a solid foundation for future eminence. In 1580 Pare was received as a master barber-surgeon, and joined in this capacity the army of 3Iarshal Rene. de Monte-Jean, which was on the point of starting for Italy. During thiS campaign he improved the mode of treatment of gun shot wounds. which had up to this time been of this most barbarous kind—namely. cauterization with boiling oil. His reputation as well as his skill were greatly heightened during this campaign, and as he himself says: "If four persons were seriously wounded I had always to attend three of them; and if it were a case of broken arm or leg frac tured skull, or fracture with dislocation, I was invariably summoned." In 1539 he returned to Paris, whither his high renown had preceded him, and was received with distinction by the royal college of chirurgery, of which he was subsequently appointed president. On the being renewed, he was again attached to the army, under the vicomte de Bohan, afterwards under Antoine de, Bourbon, duke of Vendome. It was during this campaign that he cured Francois, the second duke of Guise, of the wound which conferred upon him the sobriquet of Bulafre, and that he substituted ligature of the arteries for cauterization with a red-hot iron after amputation. The idea of this Mode of repressing hemorrhage had long been in existence, but he was the first to show that it could safely be applied to practice. Many other important improvements in stir
gory were introduced by him at this time. In Sept.; 1552, he was appointed surgeon to king Henry II., and in.the following year was taken prisoner at Heiden; he was, bow' ever, released. in consideration of his having cured col. de Vaudeville, after rejecting, the brilliant offers made hint by the duke of Savoy to remain in his service. Returning to Paris, honors were showered upon him; and though he was ignorant of the conditio sine quo non of a liberal education at that time, no hesitation was shown in con ferring upon him learned titles and degrees. He attended Francis II. on his death-bed, and continued to hold the office of king's surgeon to his successors, Charles IX. and I lenry III. The former of these monarchs, whose life had been gravely threatened by an injury inflicted by his physician Portail, and who had been preserved by Pare, testi fied for hint the greatest esteem, and saved him during the massacre of St. Bartholomew by locking him up in his own chamber. During the hitter part of Pare's life he was much employed in the publication of his various writings, and suffered considerable annoyance front the envious spirit displayed towarcN him by his professional brethren, who showered obloquy upon him for having, as they said, "dishonored science by writ ing in the vulgar tongue." Pare died at Paris, Dec. 22,1590.. His writings have exercised a great influence on the practice of surgery in all countries, to which they have penetrated, and are held of the highest authority on the subject of gun-shot wounds. The first com• ?tete edition of them appeared at Lyons in 1562, and the last, edited by N. Malgaigne, at Paris (1840-41, 3 vole.). Besides these are 8 Latin editions, and more than 15 transla tions into English, Dutch, German, etc. As an instance, of his great popularity in the army, it may be mentioned that the soldiers of the garrison of Metz, of their own accord gave him a triumphal reception on his entering that town. '