QUADRUMANA (ante). This order comprises the apes, monkeys, baboons, lemurs, etc., and is characterized as follows: The hallux (innermost toe or thumb of the hind ! limb) is separated from the other digits and is opposable to them, making the hind-feet really hands. The pollex (innermost toe or thumb of the fore-limb) may be wanting, but when present is usually opposite the other digits, so that the animal is really quadru 2 manous, or four-handed. The incisor teeth are generally 2' and the molars 2 2 3 3 3 3' with broad and tuberculate crowns; clavicles or collar-bones perfect; teats two in num ber, and (except in cheirorays) are situated on the anterior thorax; and the placenta is dis coidal and deciduate. They arc divided by prof. Owen into three groups, separated from one another by their anatomical characteristics and by their geographical distribution as follows: Section A, strepsirkina, characterized by the nostrils being eurved or twisted, and by the second digit of the hind-limb having a claw. This section includes the and a number of allied forms. Madagascar is regarded as its geographical center, but it is found in Africa and in the East Indian archipelago. See AYE-AYE, LEmuit, Li:mut:lox, Lotus, and Nrclacionx.m. Section B, platyrhina, exclusively con fined to South America, a chief characteristic being a prehensile tail, adapted to climb ing. There are no cheek pouches nor callosities. being is an additional premolar, and sometimes a molar less than in the old-world monkeys. The nostrils arc simple, sopa 3 - rated by a wide septum, and opening laterally: premolars, having blunt tubercles.
3 The pollex is wanting, or, if present,but slightly opposable, though having considerable range of motion. The platyrhine monkeys are divided into two principal families, hap alithe and cebidte. Family 1, hapalidm, having the same number of teeth as old-world monkeys, but there is one more premolar and one less molar. They are small monkeys about the size of squirrels, and are chiefly found in Brazil. The best-known species is the marmoset (q.v.). See also MIDAS. Family 2, cebidat This contains the typical platy rhine monkeys, and the dentition differs from that in hapalidie in having an additional molar, so that the molars are the same as in the old-world monkeys, but the premolars .2 2 1-1 3-3 3 3 are more numerous. Dental formula: t 2 pm There are no cheek pouches nor callosities; the face is generally more or less uncovered by hair, but sometimes there are whiskers; tail long, generally prehemBe. The thumb of the fore-hand is sometimes wanting, but when present is not opposable. All the dinits are furnished with fiat nails, They live upon fruit and insects. This family con tams the spider monkeys (q.v.), howling monkeys (see nowiER), sapajou (q.v.). Section C. is the highest.sectiou of the quadrumana, and comprises what are collectively called the old-world monkeys. They have oblique placed close together, with a narrow septum, the nostrils looking downward. The thumbs of all the members are opposable, and the animal is therefore strictly quadrumanous. In cite genus, the African colobus, the pollex is wanting. The dental formula is the same as in 2-2 1-1. 2-2 3-3 man: i 0 ; 0 m = 32. The incisors are projecting and neat, the canines are large and pointed, and are separated by a diastema or interval from the other teeth. The tail is never prehensile, and is sometimes not present. Cheek pouches, opening in the mouth, and serving to hold food, are often present; and the skin covering the prominences of the ischia is generally callous (forming what are called natal callosities), and destitute of hair. With a single exception of a monkey which
inhabits the rock of Gibraltar, all the catarrhina are natives of Africa and Asia. There. are three well-marked groups of the catarrhine monkeys. The first group lies a long tail, with generally cheek pouches and natal callosities. It contains the genus se9n nopithecus (q.v.), but which has no cheek pouches. Allied to this is the proboscis. monkey, or kahau. See NASAL'S, ante. See also MACAQUE and WANDEROO. The sec ond group of catarrhine monkeys comprises the baboon (q.v.); the third group of catar rhine monkeys comprises the anthropoid apes, so named because they appear to make a nearer approach in anatomical structure to man than other monkeys. The members of this group have no tail nor cheek pouches, and some of them no natal callosities. They have a sternum, and are therefore sometimes called latisternal apes, and are character ized by the possession of an appendix vermiformis to the cmcum. See CANAL, ante. The hind limbs are shorter than the fore limbs, and the animal can man age to walk in a semi-erect posture. The canine teeth of the males are long, strong, and pointed; but this is not the case with the females. This group contains the gibbon (q.v.), the orang (q.v.), the genus troglodytes, comprising the chimpanzee (q.v.), and the gorilla (q.v.).- In regard to the distribution of the quadrumana in time, the earliest representa tives of the order are found in the eocene tertiary, in the strata of which in Wyoming territory prof. Marsh has discovered several lemuroids and some nearly related forms. One of the genera of the former, lemuravus, has the following dental formula: _ i 3-3' c 1-1' pm ' 3 m 3--33 44 =. The genus limnotherium, which shows some 4-4 affinities with the South American marmosets, has only 40 teeth. The following is the dental formula: 2-2 c ; = 40. " The brain was nearly smooth, 2-2' 1-1 4-4' 3-3 and the cerebellum large, and placed mainly behind the cerebrum. The orbits are open behind, and the lachrymal foramen is outside the orbit" (Marsh). There are also found the remains, in the miocene of North America, of the genus laopithecus, which is allied both to limnotherium and to some of the South American platyrhine monkeys. In South America fossils of platyrhine monkeys have been found in late tertiary or post tertiary which are referred to existing genera, alms and lacehus; also a large fossil belong ing to an extinct genus, protopithecus, allied to the recent mycetes. No fossil platyrhines have been found in formations older than post-pliocene, nor in any other country in deposits of tertiary age. The earliest traces of catarrhine monkeys appear in the mio cene, and as far as known, occur only in the old. world, where they are found in the miocene of France and Italy, as pliopithecus, apparently allied to sonnopithecus. The dryopithecus of the miocene of France was a large anthropoid ape, having large, pointed canine teeth, and resembling, in many characteristics the gibbons. The oreopithecus of the Italian miocene is a calm-thine, with some dental affinities to the primitive ungulates. In the upper miocene of Greece there has been found the remains of an interesting form resembling both the macaques and semnopithecus, which has been called lne.;opithecus pentetici. The present Asiatic semnopithecus is found in a fossil state in the upper into cene of the Savalik hills of India, in the pliocenc of France and Italy, and of the s. of Eugland. The African genus ceropithecus has been found in the pliocene of France.