SPITRZHEIM, JOUANN GASPAR, a German physician and phrenolo7ist, was b. near Treves, Dec. 31, 1776. While studying medicine at Vienna lie was introduced to Dr. F. J. Gall (q.v.), whose pupil, and afterward colleague, he became, in investigating the structure and functions of the brain (see PHRENOLOGY), in lecturing on the subject, and in writing ('or the press. In 1807 they settled in Paris, hut parted in 1813; and next year Spurzheim came to England, where lie published Time Physiagnomicral Systein of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim (Loud. 1815), Outlines of the same (1815), and a treatise on Insanity (1817). The first of these works having been severely handled by Dr. John Gordon in no. 49 of the Edinburgh Review, Spnrzheitn proceeded to Edinburgh, and, in the lecture-room of his critic, demonstrated the reality of the anatomical discoveries which had been denied and ridiculed. To the sante and other opponents, he replied in .An Examination of time Objections made in Britain against the Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim (Edinburgh, 1817). It was about this time, and under his tuition, that George Comte (q.v.) became a student of phrenology. After lecturing, in many British and Irish cities, Spurzheim returned, in 1817, to but from 1.825 till his death lie resided much in England, teaching and
defending his opinions in lectures and books. In 1832 lie went to America for the saint purpose, and began his labors at Boston, but was cut off by fever on Nov. 10 in that year Besides the English works already mentioned, he wrote: filementary Principles of Eluca'ion (Edinburgh. 1821; 2d ed.. Laid. 1828; Preach translation, Paris, 1822); Phrenology (Loud. 1825); Philosophical Prineiples of Phrenology (1825); Phrenology in Connection with time Study of Physiognomy (1826); Anatomy of the Brain (1S26), supple mented in 1829 by an appendix, Nvitli Remo ric.g on Charles Bell's .3 nimadrersions on Phre nology; Outlines of Phrenology (1827); nnd Skeielm of the ...Va tural Lmmmrs of :Vila (1828). Some of these were reprinted nt Roston. His French works (besides those written jointly with Gall) are: Ohs. sir la. Felix (Paris, 1818); Obs. sur la (1818); P,Idoso /tine sue la Nature Morale et I otellm docile de lrllonmnme (1820) and Manuel de Plerenologia (1832). See Phren. Jour., vol. viii. p. 126; far. Quart. Der., vol. ii. p. 15; Memoir of Spura htim, by A. Carmichael (Dublin, 1833); and Combe's System of Phrenology,