Satire in the shape of political squibs, lampoons, etc., is very abundant in the 17th and 18th centuries. Butler's Hadibras is simply one long lampoon against. the Puritans; most of the playwrights of the restoration were royalist satirists--unscrapulous and indecent partisans. Dryden himself was but facile inineeps of the herd. Andrew Marvell (q.v.) is the most famous name on the side of liberty. The Beggars' Opera of the poet Gay is a piece of very tine political satire. Gifford (q.v.)aud Wolcot (q.v.), better known as Peter Pinder, also deserve mention in a historical point of view,. though their intrinsic merits ate small. Incomparably superior to all their contemporaries, and among the first order of satirists, arc Robert Burns (q.v.) and Cowper (q.v.).—Meanwhile, in France, since Vol taire, no great name has appeared, except, perhaps„that of Manger (q.v.). though the spirit of satire has pervaded most of the current literature, more particularly political lit erature, of which one of the latest expressions is the pamphlet published in 1865 by 31.
Bogard against the system of government pursued by Napoleon III., and entitled Les Propos de Labienus. In Germany the most conspicuous modern names are those of Hage dorn, Rabener, Sturz, Stolberg Kastuer, Wieland (q.v.), Tieek (q.v.), and Goethe (q v.), but none of these have adhered very strictly to the classic models of satire. Of 19th c. satirists in England, the best names are Heron .(q. v.), the brothers Smith (q.v.), and Hood (q.v.) in poetry; and Hook (q.v.), Jerrold (q.v.), Thackeray (q.v.). and Carlyle (q.v.), in prose. To these may be added the name of the author of the Digelo2o Papers, James Russell Lowell.—See Seller's Roman Poetsuf the Reptblie (Edinh. 1663); Browne': litstory of Roman Classical Litemture (Loud. 1853): Thomson's History of Roman Litera ture (forming a volume of the Eneyclopcetha Netropolitu ya); Mommsen's History of Rome; Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History; M. Viollet he Due,- article "Satire" in the Diction• mare de in Conversation; and James Hannay's Satire and Satirists.