The reign of Constantine, son of Aodh, who succeeded in 004, was a remarkable one. III his tints, it is probable that the scat of the ecclesiastical primacy wits transferred from Minkel(' to St. Andrews, and tint the regal residence was fixed at Scone. At the letter place, in the sixth year of his reign, the chronicles mention that Constantine the king, Kellach the bishop, and the Scots, swore to observe the laws and discipline of the faith and the lights of the chnrehesand the gospels. This seems to indicate the meeting f some sort of council, civil or ecclesiastical, or more probably a combination of both, tecording to the form prevalent at this poled both eniong the Celtic and the Teutonic ations. Even 1 efore the establisfment of the kingdom of the Picts and Scots in the person of Kenneth, nerthern Britain had experienced the attacks of a new enemy, the Scandinavian invaders, ga nerally spoken of under the name of Danes. Constantine ra slated d em bravely, but toward the end of his reign he entered into an alliance with 1 le m in opposition to the English. A powerful army, composed of Scots and Picts, I.ritons, and Danes disembarked en the Humber, and was encountered at Etrnranbuigh 1y A thelstene, king of England. A 1 mile m as fought time, the first of a series of unfortunate combats by Scottish princes on English ground. The confederate army was def. Med, and though Consmntine (seep( 11, his sen was among the slain. Weary of ityife. the kin.- soon afterward retire d to the Culdee monastery at St. Andrews, of which he 'weenie abbot, and where he died in 933.
During the reign of Malcolm the first of that name, end the successor of Constantine, portion of the Cumbrian kingdom, including the modern Cumberland and part of 'Westmoreland, which had been wrested from the Britons by Edmund, king. of England, as 1 cslewed by that prince on 11,e Scottish soy" eign. This grant was the foundation of that claim cf homage made 1 y the 1'10:sit kings on the Scottish sovereigns, which afterward became the cause or the pretext for the great struggle between the two nations. The northern kingdom was still further here as( d in the reign of Kenneth, son of Mal colm, by the acquisition of Lothian. and of northern Cumbria, or Strathclyde. The form r province, formerly a part of the Nordmmoeinn kingdom, and entirely English in its population. was bestowed on Kenneth liy Edgar, king of England. The Cumbrian kingdom, which had at one tune extended along the w. (oast from the firth of Clyde to the border of Wales, lied been weakened by the loss of its southern territories; and it now fell under the dominion of the Scottish king The last addition to Scotland in the s. took place under Malcolm II., son of Kenneth, who acquired the and Teviot dale. from the earl of Northumbria, and thus advanced his kingdom on the eastern hordes to the Tweed. The reign of Malcolm II. extended from 1003 to 1033. The kings who immediatchy followed are better known to the general renders than any of their predecessors. poetry having made their names familiar to every one. 31;:leolm's successor was his grandson, Duncan, whose brief reign was followed by that of Mac beth (q.v.). The hitter was a vigorous and prudent ruler, munificent to tire church, and lemons as the only Scottish kin^. who made a pilgrimage to Rome. But although by marriage he Was connected with the royal line, he was unable to secure the affection of his subjects. Malcolm, the eldest son of Duncan, assisted by his kinsman, Siward, earl of Northumbria, invaded Scotland. The usurper was defeated and slainat Lumphanan, in Mar, in 1056, and Malcolim•as acknowledg-ed as king, The long reign of Malcolm III. was the commencement of it great social and political revolution in Scotland. Ills residence in England, and still more his marriage with the English princess Margaret, the sister of Edgar Atheling, led to the introduction of Erg.
lisp customs, the English language, and an English population into the northern and western districts of the kingdom, which hitherto had been for the most part inhabited by a Celtic race. The influx of English colonists was increased by the tyranny of Will iam the conqueror and his Norman followers. All received a ready welcome from the Scottish king, whose object it was to assimilate the condition of the Scots, in every respect to that of their fellow-subjects in Lothian; and what his stern, though generous, character might have failed to accomplish, was brought about by the winning gentleness and Christian graces of his English queen.
Malcolm fell in battle before Alnwick castle in the year 1093, and Margaret survived only a few days. On this event, it seemed as if the work of their reign was about to be utterly overthrown. The Celtic people of Scotland, attached to their old customs, and disregarding the claims of Malcolm's children, raised his brother, Donald Bane, to the throne. The seccess, however, of this atiempt to restore a barbarism which the better part of the nation had outgrown, was of brief duration; Donald was deth•oucil, and Edgar, the eldest surviving son of Malcolm and Margaret, was acknowledged as king. The very name of the new sovereign marked the ascendency of English influence. That influence, and all the beneficial effects with which it was attended, continued to increase during the reigns of Edgar and his brother and successor, Alexander I. The change went steadily on under the wise and beneficent rule of David (q.v.), the youngest son of Malcolm. His reign, which extended from 1124 to 1153, was devoted to the task of ameliorating the condition of his subjects, and never was such a work more nobly accomplished. David was in every respect the model of a Christian king. Pious, generous, and humane, he was at the same time active and just, conforming himself to the principles of religion and the rules of the church with all the devotion of his mother, but never 'forgetting that to him, not to the clergy, God had committed the government of his kingdom. He was all that Alfred was to England, :14 more than St. Louis was to France. Had he reigned over a more nation, his name would have been one of the best known among those of the princes of Christendom. As it is, every Scottish schOlar has delighted to do his character justice. At the time of David's acces sion, Scotland was still but partially civilized, and it depended in a great measure on the character of its ruler whether it was to advance or recede. It received a permanent stamp from the government of David. The Celtic peOple were improved morally socially, and ecclesiastically, and all along the eastern coast were planted Norman, English, and Flemish colonies, which gradually penetrated into the inland districts, and established the language and manners of that Teutonic race which forms the population of the greater part of Scotland. David encouraged and secured the new institutions by introducing system of written law, which gradually superseded the old Celtic tradi tionary usages, the first genuine collection4 of Scottish legislation belonging to his reign. David was as great a reformer in the church as in the state. The ecclesiastical system prevalent in Scotland almost up to his time differed in some points from that established In England and on the continent, bearing a great resemblance to that of Ireland, from which it was indeed derived. David established dioceses, encouraged the erection and endowment of parishes, provided for the maintenance of the clergy by means of tithes, and displacing the old Celtic monastic bodies, introduced the Benedictine and Augus tinian orders.