SOUTH CAROLINA (C4nnt-rxa, Solent, ante) was settled by English colonists, who founded Port Royal in 1,70, and 10 years later removed to the present site of Charleston, the territory at that time .being only a part of the Carolina province. Many French Huguenots found their way thither in 1683, and Scotch, Irish, Swiss, and German emigrants followed. In 1729 the province was divided into North and South Carolina by Charles II., and from that: time on it increased in population and prospered, notwithstanding much molestation by the Indians and also by toe Spaniards in Florida. During the revolution important battles occurred at Charleston, Fort Moultrie, Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Eutaw Springs. A state con stitution was adopted March 26, 1776, and the constitution of the United States was ratified in 1788. From the first the state was prominent in the south. Its wealth increased rapidly and its political leaders gave it distinction and influence. The most important event in its history for seventy years was brought about by John C. Calhoun, who in 1832, with other leading men of the state, attempted to nullify certain acts of congress imposing a tariff, believing that it bore unjustly on the interests of the state. During some mouths this defiance of the national authority threatened future trouble; bat prompt measures adopted by president Jackson restored order. The desire to maintain extreme state-rights, however, continued to be proud mem in South Carolina politics; and in 1860, when indications of civil war were appar ent, it was the first state that seceded from the union. The legislature met in Charles ton, and Dec. 20 passed an ordinance of secession by a unanimous vote. Iu the follow ing April the bombardment of Fort Sumter. in Charleston harbor, precipitated the war, and during the next four years the state suffered severely, its harbors either being blockaded or captured one by one, and much of its property being destroyed by federal troops ou the great march through the state, under gen. Sherman. After peace was declared and reconstruction began, a great deal of trouble ensued for several years through the con stant disagreement between the whites and the colored people and their leaders. con. vention held in Columbia, in Sept., 1865, repetled the ordinance of secession anal slavery abolished. The state was put wider military surveillance; a registration of voters held, which resulted in qualifying 78,931 colored and voters; and a general election followed. The new legislature was largehy composed of colored men, and many of the state officers and some of the members of congress were also colored. The constitution, which, after some delay, was framed and accepted,.was similar to those reqaired of other southern states for their re-admittance to the union. Altogether, south Carolina has had more difficulty in regaining its former prosperity than any of other former confederate states except Louisiana.
Of the total population in 1870, 343,902 were males and 201,704 females; 097,532 wet e of native and 8,074 of foreign birth. There were 151,105 families, with an average of 4.67 persons to each, and 143.483 dwellings, with an average of 4.92 to each. About 53,000 whites, 10 years old or more, and 235,030 colored persons, could neither read nor write. Of the 263,301 persons, 10 years old and over, engaged in occupations,\163.528 were field laborers. 42,546 farmers and planters, 34,383 engaged in professional pursuits, 16,214 domestic servants, 10,634 laborers not specified, 8,470 in trade, and 13,794 in manufactures and mining industries. By the last censoa, 1830, the total pap. was 935,
306, of whom 391,071 were white and 604,235 colored.
The state has little waste land, and produces cotton, 'Ice, tobacco, maize, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas, beans, etc. The roil comprises six visieties the tide swamp, adapted to the culture of rice; inland swamp, to rice, cotton, corn, and peas; salt marsh, to long cotton; oak and pine, to lung cotJoi, corn, and pobnoest oak: and hickory, to short cotton and corn; and pine barren, used for fruits and vegetables. The climate in 'Oust parts of the state is mild and even. At (Tharleston the mean tem perature in spring is 63'; summer, 80°; autumn, 68°; winter, 5t°. The yearly rainfall is about 48 inches. In 1870 there were 12.105,280 acres of let,d in fawns, 3.010,539 acres of which were under cultivation and 6,443.851 in woodland. The products were 317,700 bush. of spring and 465,910 of winter wheat, 30,163 of rye;. 7,614.207 of Indian corn, 613,593 of oats, 4,752 of barley, 460,378 of peas and beaus, 1,4:13,417 of potatoes, 5,830 of clover seed, 10,605 tons of hay, 224.500 bales of cotton. lbs. of rice, 34,805 of tobacco, 1.461,980 of butter, 194,253 of honey, 11.404 of wax, 1053 lthrls. of cane sugar, 13,179 galls. of wine, and 436,882 of cane and 183.585 of soe7hum molasses. During the sante year the pitch-pine forests yielded 3,421,262 galls. of turpentine and 343,146 bbls. of rosin, worth together about $2,490,000. Li manufactured products the state ranks only thirty-second, but within the past few years these industries have begun to command more attention The number of manufact Uri Ile: establishments in 1870 was 1584, chiefly cotton and woolen mills. saw mills, flouring and grist mills, and manufac tories of cotten-seed oil, turpentine oil, rosin, tar, pitch', and phosphates for fertilizing. The water-power of the upper and middle counties is ample, but in the coast region steam is generally employed. About $5,400,418 is invested in these industries, and the annual products are valued at $9,858,937. The mining industry in 1870 was reported to consist of 5 mines or quarries, employing 148 hands and $137,000 capital, and yielding an annual product of $19,888. The commerce of the state is carried on principally from three ports of entry. Charleston, Georgetown. and Beaufort, the tonnage of these ports being about 12,000, 3,500, and 2,000. Foreign commerce centers mainly at Charleston. Pies, cotton, phosphate and phosphatic rock, lumber, naval stores, cotton seed and its oil, fish, and spring vegetables are the principal articles shipped. In 1875 there were 1481 M. of railroad in operation in the slate. The principal lines are the Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta. 195 in.; Greenville and Columbia, 197 in.; North eastern railroad, 102 w, ; Savannah and Charleston, 104 tn. ; South Carolina and branches, 242 in. ; Spartanburg and Union, 68 in.; Cheraw and Iltrlington, Atlanta and Richmond air line, Port Royal rued, Blue Ridge road, and and Columbia. The national banks in 1875 numbered 12, with an aggegate capital of $3,170,000. There were also at that time 5 state banks, having $1,300,000 capital, and 3 savings banks with capital and deposits amounting to $000,000. The only insurance company was the Hume insurance co. of Charleston.