James II. (of England) was twice married, first to lady Anne Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor Hyde; and secondly, to Mary Beatrice, daughter of the duke of Modena. By the first marriage be had Mary, queen of William Ill., and Anne, who succeeded to the throne, neither of whom left issue; and by the second, James, prince of Wales, born in 1688, known as the chevalier St. George, or the elder pretender. Prince James, who was born but a few months before his father's abdication, was commonly but ground lessly alleged to be a supposititious child, and was involved in his father's exclusion from the crown. In 1715 the party who supported him. known in history as the Jaco bites, endeavored to procure him the throne by force of arms. In Scotland, the earl of Mar, with about 5,000 men, engaged the royal forces under the duke of Argyll at Sheriffmuir: it was a drawn battle, but the result was a delay as fatal as a defeat. In England, the rising was headed by the earl of Derwentwater, and ended by the uncondi tional surrender of the insurgents at Preston, when lords Derwentwater and Kentuure Were beheaded, and other persons of note executed and attained. James escaped to France; and for the rest of his life resided in obscurity principally at Rome, where he died in 1766. In 1719 lie married one of the wealthiest heiresses in Europe, Maria Clementina Sobieski, granddaughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland, and by her had two sons, Charles Edward Lewis Casimir, horn 1730, known as the young pretender (see STUART, CHARLES EDWARD), and Henry Benedict Maria Clement, cardinal York, born 1725. Henry Benedict, second son of the chevalier St. George, went to France in 1745 to head an army assembled at Dunkirk for the invasion of England, but the news of the defeat of Culloden put an end to his plan. He then returned to Rome, took orders, and was advanced to the purple by Benedict XIV. in 1747. During his brother's life, he was known as cardinal York; but after his death lie assumed the regal style as Henry IX., king of England. His various bishoprics and rich church livings enabled him for long to live in great splendor; but the expulsion of Pius VI. from Rome, and other events of the revolution, drove him to Venice, aged and infirm, stripped of bis means, and reduced to absolute poverty. His deplorable situation becoming known to the British court, George III. settled on him an annuity of £4,000. which the Cardinal accepted with
gratitude, and enjoyed during the remainder of his life. He died in 1807 at the age of 82, the last surviving descendant of James II.
Next to the exiled Stewarts in representation of the royal house as heir-of-line came the descendants of Henrietta Maria, daughter of Charles I., who was married to Phil ippe, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France. This princess had two daugh ters, of whom the elder, Mary, was queen to Charles II. of Spain, but died childless; the younger, Anna Maria, married Victor-Amadeus, duke of Savoy and king of Sardinia, and was mother to Charles-Emmanuel III., king of Sardinia, and grandmother to Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia. Victor-Amadeus had three sons who successively occupied the Sardinian throne as Charles-Emmanuel IV., Victor-Emmanuel I., and Oliarles-Felix, and a daughter who married Charles X. of France, and was mother of Henri, due de Bordeaux, present representative of the French Bourbons. Victor Emmanuel and Charles-Felix left daughters only; and the present senior co-representa tive as heir-of-line of the house of Stewart. as well as that of Tudor, is Maria Teresa, wife of prince Louis of Bavaria and only child of the younger brother of the last duke of Modena, grandson of Victor-Emmanuel IV. The house of Savoy•Carignan, from which the king of Italy springs. does not participate in the Stewart descent.
Tim branch of the tamily which the parliamentary settlement called to the throne on the death of Anne were the descendants of the electress Sophia of Hanover, grand daughter of James VI. by her mother the princess Elizabeth Stewart, eleetress palatine and queen of Bohemia. By this destination, not only were the already mentioned descendants of Charles L's daughter, the duchess of Orleans, excluded, but also the sons of the king of Bohemia and their descendants. The eldest son, Charles Lewis, duke of Bavaria, is represented through his daughter, the duchess of Orleans, by the comte de Paris, grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the French. Her majesty queen Victoria is sixth in descent from and representative of the electress Sophia, the line of descent being through George I.; George II.; Frederick, prince of Wales; George III.; and Edward, duke of Kent.
We have now briefly to notice the most important cadets of the house of Stewart.