his most able and pertinacious adversary, Dana, terribly routed him at Torgau (Nov. 3) in Saxony, then drove Loudon into Glatz, and frightened away the Russians to Poland, and the Swedes to Stralsund. In the w. the fortune of Prussia was in the ascendant, and the French, defeated by prince Charles of Brunswick at Einsdorf (July 13), and by duke Ferdinand at Marburg (July 31), were again confined to Hesse.—The sixth cam paign (1761) on the Rhine commenced still more auspiciously for Frederick, as the French were driven in detail from their strongholds, had their supplies captured, suffered defeat by the Hanoveriaus at Langeusalza (Feb. 14),.and by duke Ferdinand at Villings hausen (July 15), though in the end Broglie and Soubise again gained possession of Hesse. In Silesia Frederick attempted to bar the progress of the Austrians, sp as to prevent their junction with the Russians, and so opposing 130,000 men to Iii poor remnant of 50.000; but in vain; however, the union was productive of no ill results to him, for scarcity of provisions speedily compelled the Russians to retreat to Poland, after which Loudon retired to upper Silesia, capturing Schweidnitz with 3,700 men ou his way. In Saxony, prince Henry had to retreat betore Daun, and the Prussians were ejected from Pomerania by the Russians and Swedes, all subsidies from Britain stopped by the earl of Bute after George II.'s death, and the country ravaged in all directions, so that things were HOW in a desperate condition, and Pnissia almost at its last gasp.. Fred erick's assailants had cooped him up within southern Brandenburg gad north-western Silesia, and though as resolute as ever to fight on, it seemed as if another campaign must bring him to final ruin. But the death of the czarina (Jan 5, 1762) converted the most powerful of his enemies into a fast friend; Sweden; which bad suffered uninterrupted reverses during the whole war, also retired from the alliance—and the seventh campaign, (1762) connnenced on equal terms, as Austria and France were almost as much exhausted as Prussia. On the refusal of Austria to submit her cause to arbitration, the czar Peter
III. joined his army to that of Frederick; but his successor, Catharine II., ordered the return of the army, though her strict neutrality was of itself an immense benefit Frederick had now no fears for the result. Nor had he any reason, as subsequent events showed, for on July 21 he drove an Austrian force from its intrenchrnents at Burkeras dorf, and following up his success, routed Daun at. Reichenbach (Aug. 16), and took Schwcidnitz (Oct. 9); while prince Henry, by a series of fortunate maneuvers, possessed himself of the 'misses of the Erzgebirge, and with the valuable aid of Seidlitz, completely overthrew the other Austrian army at Freiberg (Oct. 22); and the two Brunswicks nobly sustained the glory of 'Prussia at Wilhelmsthal (June 24) and Luternberg (July 23), capturing Cassel, and recovering the whole of Hesse. France now gave up a con test from which she had gathered nothing but military disgrace, and concluded treaties with Britain and Prussia; while Prussia and Austria agreed to an armistice with regard to Saxony and Silesia, of which the astute Frederick took advantage to send Kleist on a raid through Franconia and Bavaria, which had the effect of withdrawing, the minor Ger man states from the coalition. Maria Theresa was now left alone, ana sorely against her will, was compelled to conclude the peace of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 1763, which filially acknowledged Frederick as the lord of Silesia. This long and desperate conflict made no change in the territorial distribution of Europe, but increased tenfold the moral power of Prussia, and gave its army a prestige which it retained till the battle of Jena. It cost Europe a million lives, and prostrated the strength of almost all the powers who had engaged in it.—See, for a complete account, Carlyle's History of Frederick the Great.