TROUVERE, the name given in n. France to the same kind of courtly or polished poet who, iu s. France, etc., was called troubadour (q.v.). Like the latter, he was usually attended by a jongleur, whose business it was to furnish an instrumental accompaniment to the songs which his master composed and sung. Sometimes but rarely, the trouvere himself played on a harp. On the other hand, if minstrels and jongleurs were ambitious enough to aspire to original composition—as was the case, for example, with Adenez le Rois, Raymbert de Paris, etc.—they were nicknamed "Bastard Tronveres" (troveor bastart), or " interlopiug rhymers" (contrerimaeurs). This disdainful feeling of superiority was none the less likely to be strong that the poetry of the trou veres was high in favor at the northern courts, and that even kings and nobles were proud of the " accomplishment of verse." Among these princely and patrician amateurs were Thibaud of Champagne, king of Navarre, Jean de Brienne, Charles d'Anjou, Henri III. of Brabant, Pierre de Dreux, count of Brittany, etc. The great patrons of the
trouveres were the kings of F- a ice and England, the dukes of Brabant, the counts of Champagne, Flanders, etc.; T hie by the Anjou dynasty of the kings of Naples, their art was carried into s. Italy, and by Henry of Burgundy into Portugal. The number of trouveres, in consequence, grew to be considerable; and one can still reckon the names and works of more than 150, of whom perhaps the most celebrated is the Cas tellan de De In Rue, Essais Ilistoriques sur les Bardes, les Jongleurs et les Trousires Normands et Anglo-Normands (3 vols., Caen, 1834); Dinaux, Trauveres, Jon yleurs et ifenestrels du Nord de ke France et du Midi de la Belgique (3 vols., Par. Paris, Le Romancer° Francais (Par. 1833); Wackernagel, Altf,'anz. (1846); Mtitzner, AlYranz. Lieder (1853); Bartsch, Altfranz. Romanzen (1870); Scheler, Trouveres Beiges (1876).