Industry.—The industry of the Tyrol is not important. There arc, however, glass and paper factories near Innsbruck; and carpets, linens, gloves, and straw hats are num factured extensively for home consu:nption. Wooden ware is also largely produced. The rearing of canaries i3 a business which was longa monopoly of the northern Ty•ol ese, who supplied all Europe with these birds. The exports From the Tyrol consists of cattle, cheese, timber, wine, tobacco, silk, iron, and salt. The imports are grain and manufac'hired goods. The transit-trade between Italy and Germany gives employment to a large number of the inhabitants. Thousands migrate annually into neighboring countries, to sell their wood wares, gloves, and carpets. Railways have for a number of year.; connected Innsbruck with Munich, and Botzen with Verona; and in 1537 the section between Innsbruck and Botzen, over the Brenner pass, was opened, which com pleted the first railway communication between Italy and Germany.
InLthilanta.—The northern or German Tyrolese bear to the southern or Italian, the proportion of three to two; and the habits and language resemble those of the adjoining parts of Italy and Germany. In the Tyrol, according to the census, the inhabbants are all Catholics, with the exception of 338 Jews, 1333 Protestants, 20 Greek Christians, and a few members of other sects. Time Tyrolese have an independent national diet, meeting at Innsbruck, in which are represented all classes of the population, the clergy, the nobility, the people of. the country, and those of the towns. There are, to some extent, separate administrative arrangements for the Italian districts. Education is now very generally diffused, and one of the nine Austrian universities is at Innsbruck.
History.—The history of the Tyrol is partly German and partly Italian. In early times the Tyrol formed part of 111mmtia, and was conquered by the Romans, 15 mac. Subsequently it was overrun by various German tribes; still later the southern valley fell to the share of the Lombards, the two northern valleys to the Bavarians. The latter valleys were divided into gnus, which ultimately became petty lordships, acknowledging, the supremacy of the dukes of Bavaria. These lordships, however, in the course of time, came to be represented by two families who intermarried. Then the whole Ger
man Tyrol was governed by one family of counts, whose paternal abode was the moun tain fortress of Terioli, or Tyrol, near Meran. The last count, who died in 1335, left one daughter, Margaret Maultasche. She bequeathed her rights to her cousins, the dukes of Austria, who, in consequence, acquired possession of the Tyrol in 1353. The Italian valley formed the bishopric of Treat. During the wars of Napoleon, the Ger man Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, much to the discontent of the population, who were warmly attached to the house of Austria. They made a gallant resistance to the French in 1809, under Andreas Hofer, but were defeated; and the northern Tyrol was not restored to Austria until the treaty of Paris in 1814. The southern Tyrol, which had been annexed to Italy, was restored to Austria in the following year. An application was made by the inhabitants of the Italian Tyrol, a few years ago, to the Austrian govern ment to be rendered entirely independent of the German inhabitants of the northern val leys; but it led to uo important change in the administration. It showed, however, the desire of the southern Tyrolese to be considered Italians rather than Germans, and it was believed that on the event of a successful war for the recovery of Venice, the whole of the southern Tyrol would be handed over to the kingdom of Italy. This expectation has not been realized. By the treaty of peace between Austria and Italy at the con clusion of the war through which Venetia again became Italian, it is declared that the frontiers of the Venetian provinces ceded to Italy are the administrative frontiers of these provinces under the Austrian rule. Even the shores of lake Garda remained Austrian. How long this arrangement will last, it is hard to predict. The trade of the southern Tyrol is entirely with the south, its wood and cattle being exchanged for the corn of Lombardy, and it is asserted that if any attempt is made to enforce custom-house regulations on the frontier, the inhabitants will not rest satisfied until they have secured the annexation of their territory to Italy.