URBAN, the name of eight popes, of whom the following deserve to be specially noticed —URBAN a Frenchman by birth, and .originally a of Clugny, was elected in a council held at Terracina. in the year 1088. during the schismatical pontifi cate of the anti-pope Guibert, styled Clement HI. Urban's name was Otho, and he had been bishop of Ostia. Soon after his election he resumed uossession of Rome, the for tresses of which had been occupied by the anti-pope, whom he compelled to withdraw_ Guibert, nevertheless, was still supported by his patron, Henry IV. of Germany, who had long been at feud with the papal see; and Urban, in concert with the celebrated countess Matilda, having formed a strong party in Italy, Henry once more led an army thither, and excited in Rome against the pope a party, whom he induced to recall Gui bert—Urban establishing, himself at Anagni. The revolt of Conrad, the eldest son of Henry, against his father, and his coronation as emperor at Milan in 1093, and still more the successful appeal of Henry's queen, Adelaide, turned the tide of affairs in Italy. A. great council was held at Piacenza in 1095, in which the anti-pope and his adherents were excommunicated. In the same council -the crusade was proclaimed; and in the following autumn, Urban, in a council held at Clermont, made the well-known appeal on the same subject, which called forth that enthusiasm which was destined to lead to the long series of efforts for the recovery of the Holy Land, which forms so striking a dharacteristic of mediaeval history. In his later pontificate Urban pursued the same course, and, in the end, succeeded. iMdriving Henry IV. out of Italy. The most impor tant event of the last years of his pontificate was the holding of a council at Bari in 1098, iu which many Greek bishops were present, and in which the addition of the words to the creed was discussed. Thence he returned to Rome, of which he obtained Tull and undisturbed possession; and he died in the close of 1099, just at the time when the first crusade which he had organized terminated in the successful occupation of Jerusalem—URBAN V. (originally William dp Grimoard) is remarkable as practically the last of the popes who resided at Avignon, and the one by whom the papal seat was for a time re-transferred to Rome. He was a native of France, and had been abbot of St. Victor at Marseille. On the death of Innocent VI. in 1362, he was elected at Avig non, where he continued to reside, sending his legate, cardinal Gil de Albornoz, to 'reduce the rebellious subjects of the papal see in Rome. After various alternations of peace and contest, Urban took the resolve of returning in person to the ancient seat of the papacy. He set out in 1367; and, landing at Corneto, proceeded first to Viterbo, and in the end to Rome, which he reached in Oct., 1367. He found the papal city in a condition all but ruinous, and the whole of Italy overrun by bands of mercenaries, and a prey to intestine divisions of the worst character. He endeavored, in concert with the queen of Naples, Joanna, in the following year, and of the emperor Charles IV., to repress these disorders, but with little success; and in 1370 he resolved once again to repeat the experiment of a withdrawal of the papal residence from Rome. He set out in September of that year; but only outlived his return to Avignon by a few weeks, and died in Doc., 1370, leaving the reputation of great personal piety, disinterestedness, and zeal for the interests of religion and VI. deserves a special notice as being the pope under whom the great western schism had its origin. His name was
Bartolomeo Prignano, and at the time of his election he was archbishop of Bari. On the death of Gregory XI. (1378), who had finally returned from Avignon to Rome, and died in that city, Prignano was elected in a conclave held at Rome under circumstances of great excitement, owing to the apprehension, on the part of the populace, of an inten tion to elect a French pope, and again abandon Rome. The cardinals in the conclave numbered 16, of whom 12 were French, and 4 Italians. Prignano, although not a car dinal, was elected, April 8, 1378; and after the election had been made, the populace having broken into the boll, the cardinals dispersed; on the following day, however, they returned, confirmed the election, Prignano assuming the title of Urban VI., under which name he was crowned, April 18, in the presence of the 16 cardinals. In July of the same year the 12 French cardinals assembled at Anagni, and evoked the electiorl, of Urban, in which they declared that they had been acting under the fear of violence. To this course they are sitid to have been led by the rigor and the intemperate severity with which Urban was proceeding in the reforms of discipline, and especially of the and the irregular life of the clergy, including the cardinals themselves. They were joined by three of the Italian cardinals (one of them having died). On Sept. 2b they proceeded to elect the cardinal bishop of Cambray (born count of Geneva) pope, under the name of Clement VII. Clement took up his residence at Avignon. Urban, on the contrary, remained at Rome, where he appointed 26 new cardinals, and excom municated Clement and his adherents. This conflict of claims was the origin pf the IVESTF.RN Scuism (q.v.). Urban was recognized as the lawful pope by one portion of the west, Clement by the other, and each maintained his claim by measures of the most extreme character. Urban especially, although his title seems to have been best founded, weakened his cause by his excessive violence. Having engaged in a dispute with Charles, king of Naples, whom he had himself crowned, he was besieged by that prince at Novara, whence he withdrew to Genon, taking with him, is prisoners, the cardinals of his party with whom he had quarreled, and several of whom he is said to have put to death. In 1389, while he was on his way to Ferentino, lie fell from his horse, and, hav ing been conveyed to Rome, died from the injuries thus sustained in October of that year.—URBAN VIII. was the successor of Gregory XV. His family name was Maffe© Barberini. He was born at Florence in 1568; and after a long series of brilliant services both in the domestic administration and in foreign inniciatures, he was elected pope in Sept., 1623. In the difficult position of Roman affairs, as complicated between France, Austria, and Spain, iu the war of the Valtellina, to which he succeeded on his first election, he acquitted himself with much dexterity. His pontificate was also sig nalized by the acquisition to the holy see of the duchy of Urbino (q.v.) in 1626. Urban died in 1644. His memory has suffered through the imputation of nepotism; but his administration was, on the whole, vigorous and enlightened. He was the founder of the celebrated college of the Propaganda, and to him Rome is indebted for many public works, including large and important additions to the Vatican library. Some of the early stages of the Jansenist controversy (q.v.) fall within this pontificate.