WALLSEND, a parish in the co. of Northumberland, England, four m. e.n.e. from Newcastle, celebrated for its collieries, which produce a very large quantity of coal of very superior quality. About 2,000,000 tons of Wallsend coal are annually imported into London. • in horticulture are fruit-trees trained on walls for better exposure of the fruit to sunshine, and for the heat radiated from the wall. Brick walls are generally preferred, and nave a great advantage in the regularity with which the nailing can be accomplished, but trees are often also trained on stone walls, and the walls of houses are sometimes used for this purpose. Trees are trained on walls in hot-houses as well as in the open air. Fined walls are often used, the fruit being thus partially forced by artificial heat; and screens of various kinds, as of reeds, canvas, and oiled paper, are sometimes employed to protect blosoins in spring. Woollen nets are also much used for this pur pose, and a net even with wide meshes affords much protection from spring frosts. Wall trees, intended permanently to occupy the wall, are generally trained in the nursery with a drawf stem only 5 or 6 in. In length, so that the branches may cover the whole wall, and no available part of it may be lost. It is usual, however, in planting to intro duce riders alternately with the permanent wall-trees, which are grafted or budded on tall stocks, and occupy part of the wall till the other trees have become large enough to require it all for themselves. Garden-walls are generally 12 or 14 ft. in height. Dif
ferent modes of training wall-trees arc practiced, of which the principal are known as fan training and horizontal training. In the former, the branches are arranged like the spokes of a fan ; in the latter, a main stem is led up, from which they are spread out horizon tally on both sides. Different modes are preferred for different kinds of trees, and the art of the gardener is dispayed in keeping to his plan of training, and laying in branches so as completely to fill up the space, and make every part of the wall productive. There is a Dutch mode of training, which consists in leading two chief branches horizontally to right and left, and training shoots from them straight up to the top of the wall. It is seldom employed in Britain, except for white currants. Riders are not infrequently trained in a star-like form, some branches being led downward, in order to fill the wall as quickly as possible. It is necessary for the gardener in training wall-trees, to consider the habit of each kind, particularly whether fruit is chiefly to be expected on young branches or on the spurs of older branches. Superflous branches must in all eases be carefully removed, and among these are to be reckoned all fore-rigid shoots, or branches which project straight from the wall. The use of small strands of cloth along with nails, to fasten branches to walls, is familiar to every one. These strands are renewed from year to year, so that they may not cause disease by interferring with the growth of the branches,