Manufactures, Industries, manufactures are chiefly linen, woolen, cotton, and silk fabrics. Wool and cotton spinning, bleaching, dyeing, printing, iron-found ing, making machinery, cutlery, gold and silver articles, glass, porcelain, earthenware, tile, cabinet-work, sawing,- wood, carriage-building, grinding corn, book-printing, and the cognate trades are principal industries. There are many oil-mills, beer-breweries, and brandy distilleries. Water is to a large extent the motive-power employed in the manufactories and mills. In Wurtemberg more than 215,500,000 bottles of beer, or 125 for each person, are consumed yearly, besides wine, brandy, and liqueurs. The total value of land, houses, railways, movables, etc., is reckoned at 2,710 million florins, and the income of the people at 276,000,000-140,000,000 being from land produce, 131,000, 000 from the industries, and 5,000,000 from interest on foreign funds. The exports are chiefly grain, cattle, wood, salt, oil, leather, woolen, cotton, and linen goods, beer, etc.
Religion, Language, Education, population of Old Wurtemberg is almost entirely Lutheran. The numbers of each denomination in 1871 will be seen in the sub joined table: Of 7,897,713 marks set apart in the budget of the year 1877-78 for "church and school," a great part was expended on the support of the various religious bodies.
Several dialects of German are spoken, of which the Swabian and Franconian are the most general. Wurtemberg has been the native country of many distinguished men, of whom a few may be mentioned. In poetry: Schiller, Uhland, Wieland, Kerner; in theology and philosophy: Brentz, CEcolampadius, Bengel, Schelling, Hegel, Baur, Strauss, etc.: in science and art: Kepler, Stiefel, Tobias Mayer, the botanists Joseph and Karl Friedrich Gartner, the chemist Schonbein, the painters Eberhard Wachter, Hetch, and the famed sculptor Dannecker.
Every child between 7 and 14 years must attend school. In a district having 30 or more families is a public school, and a teacher for every 90 children. There are four Protestant theological seminaries, with a course of four years; gymnasia, grammar, trades, and high-schools in all the principal towns. The university at Tubingen has 80 ordinary and extraordinary professors and tutors. The number of students varies from 1'30 to 950, of whom 200 to 300 are foreigners. At Hollenheini is an agricultural and botanical institution, in which farming, management of forezts, and gardening are sci 2iiti3callv taught. Stuttgart has a polytechnic school, which is one of the best institu tions of the kind in Germany. There is not in Wtirtemberg it person above ten years of age who cannot both read and write.
Revenue, Expenditure, etc.—In 1877-78 the revenue was 48,338,788 marks (E2,416,940), balancing the expenditure. The interest of the national debt was 17,482,596 marks. Of the income, 21,285,293 marks came from public property (including a revenue of 13,012,000 marks from the railways), and 22,613,266 marks from direct and other taxes. For the year 1875-76 the revenue was 44,337,267 marks, which just covered the expendi ture. The troops of Wurtemberg form the 13th corps d'armee of the German empire.
Government, etc.—The crown is hereditary in the male line, and failing that, in the female. Freedom of the press and religion are enjoyed. The privy council consists of A president, the six ministers of state, and members named by the king. The legislative body is 'composed of two chambers—the first being formed of princes of the royal fam ily, nobles, and members appointed by the king, the last named not exceeding a third part of the whole; the second chamber is composed of 13 representatives of the knight hood, 6 Protestant general superintendents, the bishop and two others of the Catholic clergy, the chancellor of the university, 7 representatives from the cities Stuttgart, Tubin gen, Ludwigsburg, Ellwangen, Ulm, Heilbronn, and Reutlingen, with a representative front each of the 64 bailiwicks. Members of the second chamber are not eligible as such
before reaching their 30th year. The king has the power of proroguing or dissolving the chambers; but in the latter case a new election must take place within six months. As a member of the reconstituted German empire (1871), Wilrtemberg has 4 votes in the federal council, and 17 representatives in the diet of the empire.
Rietory. —The earliest inhabitants of Wtirtemberg were probably Celts; but when the Romans came first to know the country. it was held by the Suevi, who were suc ceeded by the Alemanni and the Franks. In 1090, Conrad, count of Wtirtemberg, possessed a castle near Cannstatt, and limited territories, which were largely added to by Ulric I. from 1240 to 1265. Other extensions were gained by Eberhard I. between 1279 1325; by Ulric II., who, though a man of peace, added Tubingen; Eberhard II., who secured Teck, Gutenberg, Kirchheim, Herrenberg, and other places. By the marriage of Eberhard IV. with the countess of Montbeliard, that county became connected with Wurtemberg. At his death, the possessions were divided between his two sons, each of whom enlarged his portion; and a few years after their death, Eberhard V. secured a reunion, and the land advanced rapidly in power and importance. In 1495, the emperor Maximilian raised Eberhard to the rank of duke, with the title of Eberhard I. In 1519, duke Ulrich having offended the Swabian league by some arbitrary acts of oppression exercised upon the imperial free city of Reutlingen, be was forcibly ejected from Wurtemberg, and did not reconquer his estates till 1534. While Eberhard III. was duke (1628-74), WUrtemberg suffered much in consequence of the thirty yrears' war. Ludwig Eugene (1793-1795) having taken part in the war against the French republic, a French army attacked and compelled him to resign Montbetiard, and pay 8,000,000 francs.
With duke Frederick IL, who succeeded his father in 1797, the most important period in the history of WiIrtemberg begins. In 1800, compelled by the French to fee from his dukedom, he got •back, by the peace of Luneville, all his territories except Montbeliard, and instead, had others granted, with the rank of elector. Having aided Napoleon in the war against Austria, at the peace of Presburg (Dec. 26, 1805), Wtirtemberg was further enlarged, and made a kingdom. After the battle of Leipsic, Frederick abandoned the cause of Napoleon, and concluded a treaty with Austria, in which his lands were guaranteed. His reign wai arbitrary; and internal troubles were thickening around him, when he died (Oct. 30, 1816), and was succeeded by his son, I., who was born at Lubin, in Silesia, Sept. 27, 1781. He was cordially welcomed to the throne, and the exrectations of his subjects were realized. His first acts were to reduce the expenditure, and introduce other reforms, prominent among which was the liberal constitution of 1819. In 1848-50, a strong agitation was kept up with the view of obtaining some permanent modifications in this constitu tion, but without success. For nearly fifty years he reigned over a people steadily increasing in prosperity, and died June 25, 1864, at Rosenstein castle. His son, Charles Frederick Alexander, now Charles I., born March 6, 1823, succeeded him. See GERMANY.