BERNARD, CLAuDE, a distinguished physiologist, was b. at Saint-Julien, near Ville. franehe, in the department of the Rhone, on the 12th „July, 1813, lie studied medicine at Paris; was admitted in. 183D as a pensioner in ono of the hospitaLs; and in 1841, became Magendie's assistant at the college of France. He graduated in 1843 as in medicine, and ten years later, as doctor in science; and was appointed in Feb., Mil, to the chair of general physiology in connection with the faculty of sciences in Paris. The,Same year he was chosen member of the academy of sciences; and in 1853, he suc ceeded Magendie as professor of experimental physiology In the college of France. B.'s first researches were devoted to the physiological :miler' of the various secretions of the alimentary canal. Ills memoir, published in 1844, in the Gazette Medicate, treats of the mechanism by which the gastric juice is secreted, and also of the modifications which alimentary substances undergo from that liquid. To the Cmnptes Rendus of the biologi cal society he also contributed papers on the saliva, on the intestinal juice, on the influ ence of the different pairs of nerves on the digestive apparatus, and on the respiratory and circulatory systems. His first really original paper, however, was that on the function of the pancreas, in which he demonstrated that that viscus is the true agent of the digestion of fatty bodies. This essay obtained, in 1849, the grand prize in experi mental phvsiology, and was printed in the Comptes Pu'ndus of the academy of sciences in 1856. In 1819, appeared his first researches on the glycogenic function of the liver, establishing, the doctrine that the blood which enters the liver does not contain sugar; while bloo'd which leaves that organ, and goes to the heart by the hepatic voins, is charged with it. He also showed the influence of the nervous system on this function,,
and produced artificial diabetes by division of the pneumogastric. For this discovery, which was keenly criticised, but is as sound. he obtained, in 1851, the grand prize in experimental physiology. In 1852, he laid before the institute his experi mental researches on the great sympathetic system, and on the influence exerted by division of this nerve on the animal heat. This paper procured him, for the third time, the prize of experimental physiology in 1853. Since 1854, when he.succeeded Roux as member of the institute, lie has continued his researches on the glycogenic function of the liver, and has also published his courses of lectures at the college of France, on Eiperimental Phy.giology in its .Application to Medicine on The Elate of Toxic and MeWcated Substances (1837); on The Physiology and Pathology of the _Nervous System. (1858); on The Physiological Properties and the Pathological Alteration of the various Liquids of the Ch;gunism (1859); on Nutrition and Development (1860); and his Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1863). In 1862, he became officer of the legion of honor; in 1867, commander; and in 1869 he was made a member of the academy. He died at Paris, 10th Feb., 1878.