BOODROOM, BOUDROIIIII, or BODRIIN, it seaport t. in Asiatic Turkey, in the pashabe of Anatolia, finely situated on the n. shore of the gulf of Kos, about 06 m. s. of Smyrna, in lat. 37' 2' n., and long. 27° 25' east. It is an uninviting place, its streets being nar row and dirty, and its bazaars of the worst class; but as the site of the ancient Iffiliear the birth-place of Herodotus and Dionysius, it possesses great interest for the traveler. Many remains of the old city, which was "the largest and strongest in all Carta," bear witness to its former magnificence. A fortress, built by the knights of Modes in 1402, occupies a projecting rock on the e. side of the harbor, which is shallow but well sheltered, and resorted to IT Turkish cruisers. Some ship-building is carried aft. Pop. stated at about 11,000.
.5300X, a distinct literary production in one or more volumes; but the term B. is also applied to a treatise, or group of chapters, forming a part of a volume, and traditionally it signifies a narrative, or record of some kind in the form of a roll: "Lo, a roll of a hook was therein; and he spread it before me; and it was written within and without."— Ezek. ii. 9, 10. The term has a similar meaning in English law phraseology. " In the court of .exchequer, a roll was anciently denominated a book, and so continues in some instances till this day. An oath as old as the time of Edward I. runs in this form: ' And you shall deliver into the exchequer a book fairly written,' etc., but the B. delivered into the court in fulfillment of this oath has always been a roll of parchment."—Godson and Burke Oa the Lam qf Patents and Copyrights (Loud. 1851, p. 323).
The word B. is from the Anglo-Saxon boe, and, with some modifications of spelling, is common to all the Teutonic and Scandinavian languages (Ger., ouch; Dutch, bock). It is believed to be derived from the same root as beech (Ang1.-Sax. hoe; Ger. buche; Icel. beyke; Dutch, beuke), the earliest writing among those nations having been executed on the inner hark of the beech-tree, or perhaps carved on beech boards. The Greek word for a B., biblus, or more commonly, biblion, is derived from the Egyptian appellation for the plant papyrus (q.v.). The Latin word liter, a B., Is derived from the name of the cellular tissue of the papyrus, instead of the plant itself. By the Greeks, a collection of books was called bibliotheca, and by the Romans, llbroria; hence the French term bibliothegue, and the English word library; hence, also, the librarii, or book-writers, and bibliopohr, booksellers, of the Romans. Properly prepared in long strips, the papyrus carts wound round small cylinders, or rollers, which in Latin were styled rolumina ; hence the English word volume. As the papyrus has also given the term paper to the moderns, it has played an important part in the namingof what concerns books. Besides
papyrus, however, the ancients used parchment and other materials for the fabrication of their books; and when, by the capture of Egypt by the Arabs in the 4th c., the papy rus plant could no longer be procured, parchment was the material generally employed_ By the Romans aft'fir the Augustan age, the art of fabricating books reached a degree of proficiency, along with the advancement in literature. The papyrus was carefully prepared; one side was reserved for the writing, and the other was colored with saffron or cedar oil. The was effected by a pen made of a reed (Maw's), of which the best kinds were supposed to be found in Egypt. The ink (atromemtum) was very durn ble. In several rolls found at Herculaneum, the Roman ink, after being interred inany centuries, is still in good preservation. When a Roman author wished to give his book to the world, a copy was put into the hands of transcribers (librarti), by whom a certain number of copies were produced. From these transcribers, who were equivalent to our modern printers, the copies passed to a class of artists (librarioli), who ornamented them with fanciful titles, margins, and terminations. The rolls were finished for use by the bibliopegi, or book-binders; and last of all, they were offered for sale by the Inbliopolee, or book-sellers. A copy of one of the esteemed productions of a Roman author—as, for example, a copy of Virgil or Horace—was an elegantly done-up roll, about 13 in. in depth, wound round a cylinder, the two ends of which were decorated with ivory or metal knobs. Outside, It bore various decorations along with the title, and for safety was put in a neat case of parchment or wood, which also bore sundry ornamental devices, includ ing perhaps a portrait of the author. A book-seller's shop in ancient Rome would prob ably show a collection of scrolls, less or more ornamented, not unlike in appearance to modern small maps mounted on rollers; and in tbis form books would be handed about , and rend. Prized for their rarity and costliness, these scroll-books were kept with great care in cases, or round-shaped boxes with lids, made of cedar; the odor of that wood! being a preservative against moths and other destructive insects. Romans with a liter, ary taste carried one of these boxes of scrolls with them as 2 portable library. A publicr library comprised a large variety of these boxes, and most have had the appearance a collection of round canisters. Yet the Romans did not invariably make their bookas in rolls; in some instances, they used leaves of lead, which had been beaten thin with4aa hammer, and also leaves of wood covered with wax; these loosely connected at the back; with rings, mav be viewed as the rude original of the modern book. At Herculaneum.; books of this kind, called tablets, have been discovered in perfect preservation.