About two thirds of the population are engaged in the cultivation of the land, which, As may be inferred from the description, yields rich returns. An area of about 3200 Sq.m. is occupied with fields and gardens, growing wheat, oats, rye, barley, maize, pota toes, pulse, and vegetables of all sorts. Tobacco, hemp, rape, opium. etc., yield a large revenue. Meadow-land and pasturage occupy about a fifth of the surface. An impor tant branch of cultivation is also the production of chestnuts, walnuts, almonds, etc. The quantity of wine produced Yearly is, on an average, 14 million gallons. About 1790 sq.m. are under wood. The SchwarzWald is one of the most remarkable pine-for Ms Of Germany. There whole tracts may be seen of pines of the height of from 160 to 180 ft., which are exported to the Netherlands for ship-building. The rearing of cattle is carried on to a large extent. The several kinds of stock may amount to the following numbers: horses, 73,200; asses, 700; cattle, 481,000; sheep, 189,000; goats, 22,100; swine, 480,000; making a total of 1,246,000 head of animals, and representing a large amount of wealth. Honey is also an important product, more than 74,000 bee hives being kept in the duchy. Various societies exist for improving the breed of horses and perfecting agriculture.
Hineralg.—The mineral wealth of the country does not seem to valued yet as it deserves, if we max judge from the extent of mining operations carried on; but the activity Of the mining society at Carlsruhe is yearly bringing this department of the national industry more and more into a fitting condition. Iron, lead, silver, copper, and salt are among the chief productions; gold is extracted from the sands of the Rhine, near Wittenweier, and cobalt, sulphur, marble, and several kinds Of precious stone's are found. B. is rich in mineral springs; as many as 60 are enumerated, some sulpboreous, some chalybeate, and some aeidulons. Hence there are a great number of much frequented watering-places, as Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Griesbach, Peter etc.
.3fanufac1ni•e8, tr..—The increasing activity in the various branches of industrial art is testified by the existence of over 1200 manufactories, with about 70,000 hands, and a yearly produce of from 40 to 50 million marks. The industrial activity extends chiefly to the following articles: ribbons and cotton fabrics, mostly at St. Blasia; toys and trin kets, and tobacco, which Occupies the first place; chicory, paper, cloth, leather, beer, wooden clocks, and articles of straw; the last two are characteristic of the Schwarzwald districts, and known all over the world. Of clocks alone, over 600,000 are made annu ally. The chief articles of export are wine and timber, which last is sent almost exclu elusively to the Netherlands, and brings in a sum of at least 6,000,000 marks (.C300,0001. The principal imports are colonial goods, fruits, drugs, horses, wool, cotton, silk goods, iron, steel, and articles of luxury. Money was formerly reckoned in guldens or florins of 24 to the mark of silver, a florin being equal to 20d. sterling; but now, under the new universal system of the German empire, in marks, approximately equal in value to shil lings. Weights and measures are divided according to the decimal system.
Population, Religion, Edveation.—The pop. of B. in 1875 amounted to 1.506,531, being
an increase of above 40,000 as compared with 1871. With the exception of Jews, the inhabitans are exclusively German. The dominant church is the Roman Catholic, whOse adherents in 1871 numbered 942,560, or about two thirds of the whole population. Protestants numbered 491,008; Dissenters and Mennonites, 2265; and Jews, 12,475. The school-system of B. is excellent; it offers the means of instruction to every indi vidual; and a multitude of libraries, museums, and collections of all sorts, are signifi cant indications of the higher elements of culture.
Governinent.-4-The sovereignty of the grand duchy, which is strictly indivisible and inalienable, is hereditary in the eldest of the male line, and, failing that, of the female. The heir-apparent is styled hereditary grand duke, and the other sons and ckughters are called niargraves and margravines. The sovereign is bound down by a parliamentary constitution. The parliament, which meets regularly every two years, consists of two chambers. The first chamber consists of the princes of the grand-ducal house, the heads of the seignorial families (7 princes and 3 counts), and, of the nobility—on whom, when they possess hereditary property, under feudal tenure, to the value of 500,000 marks, the king confers the rank of the high nobility—the Catholic archbishop and the Protestant prelate, 2 representatives of the universities, and 8 members chosen by the grand duke, without regard to rank or birth. The second chamber consists of 63 representatives chosen for 8 years, 22 for the cities, and 41 for the country districts, giving 1 representative for about 21,540 inhabitants. As to the franchise, less regard has been paid in B. than else where to the property qualification; every settled citizen and all state officials may take part in the nomination of electors, and may become electors; only representatives must either pay tax on a capital of 16,000 marks, or about £800, or be in possession lof an ecclesias tical or secular office bringing in at least 2500 marks, or £125. The highest deliberative and executive body in the country is the council of state. The grand duke is its presi dent, and it is divided, since 1870, into the ministeries—(1) of the grand-ducal house, of justice, and of foreign affairs; (2) of the interior; (3) of commerce. The expenditure, according to the budget estimates for the year 1875, was 30,200,813 marks; the estimated net receipts for the same year amounting to 29,896,478 marks. There is a particular budget dealing with the finances of the railways, and the steamers on the lake of Con stance. 203- millions of florins were added to the public debt of the country by the events of 1848 and 1849. The general debt of B. in 1875 amounted to 91,369,656 marks; that on the railways to 265,051,973 marks. The military affairs of B. are now exclu sively regulated by the imperial power; the troops of B. form the major part of the 14th corps d'armee of the empire. The effective war-strength of the army in 1868 was 43,705; peace, 14,263. There exists three orders of knighthood, besides a medal for military ser vice, and other decorations of merit. The capital and residence of the sovereign is Carlsruhe; the capitals of the four " circles" are Coustanz, Freiburg, Carlsruhe (formerly Rastadt), and Manheim.