CAMPANELLA, TommA'so, a Dominican monk celebrated for his philosophical ability, was b. in 1368 at Stilo in Calabria, and studied in Naples and Cosenza. The writings of Telesius first awakened his doubts respecting that pile of artificial dogmas styled the "scholastic philosophy." The results of his studies were given in his Philosoplia &n slims Demonstrata, etc. (Naples, 1591), which contained a defense of Telesius. His supe riority in disputations exposed him to the hatred and false accusations of the orthodox monks and schoolmen. He was in consequence compelled to flee from Naples to Rome, and thence to Florence, Venice, and Bologna. Afterwards, he returned to Calabria, but having involved himself in a political conspiracy, he was seized and confined in a Neapolitan dungeon for 27 years; tried five times, and tortured seven; accused of her. csy; and declared the author of a book which had been published thirty years before he was born. In 1626, pope Urban VIII. had him brought to the prison of the inquisition at Rome, hut immediately liberated him, and treated Min in a very generous manner. After being again persecuted by the Spanish government, C., who had formed the friend ship of the French ambassador at Rome, the due de Noailles, obtained a letter of intro duction to cardinal Richelieu, and secretly left for France, where he was graciously received. He died in the Dominican monastery of St. Honore, near Paris, 1639. Most
of his works—De Gentilismo non Retinendo (Paris, 1636); Astrologieorum Libri (Lyons, 1629); Prodromus Philosophite Instaurandce (Frankfort, 1617); Exordium. Meta physkm Nom, De Scnsu Rerun?. et .1[agia (Frankfort, 1620)—were written during his imprisonment. His philosophical views give expression to that confused fermentation of new ideas which was characteristic of the close of the 16th and opening of the 17th c. —bold and clear opinions. strangely mingled with commonplaces and with astrological dreams and fancies. It may seem strange that C. should have been patronized by the pope; but this favor was gained, not by his speculative works, but by several writings in defense of the Roman Catholic church. His De 31onarebia Hispanic(' Discursus is a work of great power and value, comprising a sketch of the political world of C.'s time, with special reference to Spain. It was translated into English during Cromwell's pro tectorate.