CAMPANILE (Ital., from, Mid. Lat. eampana, a bell), a name, adopted from the Ital. ian to signify a of the larger kind, and it:wall' applied .only to such as are detached from the church. Scarcely any of the existing bell-towers of England answer to the Italian conception of the C., but it is said that there was a very fine one at Salis bury, 200 ft. in height, which was destroyed by Wyatt. In Italy, they are found every where—at Bologna, Padua, Ravenna, Cremona, Venice. Perhaps the most remarkable are the so-called "leaning tower" of Pisa, and the C. of Florence. The former, which is circular in form, is decorated with columns and arcades to the summit of its eight stories, and presents a very imposing appearance, reminding the traveler of the Coliseum at Home, from which, and the now destroyed Septizonium, the idea of it is said to have been taken by the architects Bonano of Pisa. and Wilhelm of Iunspruck. But though less curious, the famous C. of Giotto is perhaps eveu more worthy of the traveler's attention, It was erected in 1334, with the express object of surpassing, both in height and in richness of workmanship, any of the remains of antiquity. In form, it is a
parallelopiped, and is of the same dimensions from bottom to top. Though it is very lofty-267 ft.—it consists of only four stories, of which the tallest are the uppermost and undermost; and the windows in the upper story are rather larger than those in the two beneath, the object being to counteract the diminution to the eye occasioned by the greater distance. The effect of this arrangement has been much praised by architects; but there seems ground for skepticism as to its advantages. The style is the real Italian Gothic, which unites simplicity with great richness of ornamentation. The original deslgu of Giotto was that a spire of 100 braccia in height should have surmounted the present structure, and on the summit may be seen the four great piers from which it was intended that it should have risen. The splendid C. of Florence, in its present con dition, must thus be regarded only as a fragment. There is a fine C. at :zeville, 350 ft. in height, which was built by Guever the Moor in 1568. It is called La Giralda, from a brazen figure, which, though it weighs a ton and a half, turns with the wind.