PThheries.—The total produce of the Canadian fisheries in 1877 was valued at £2, 405,991. In that year fish to the value of £1,400,140 were exported. This includes the fisheries of British Columbia, but of course excludes those of Newfoundland. In 1879, there were seven establishments in C. for artificial fish culture, from which in the pre ceding year 13,500,000 young fish (salmon, speckled trout, and white fish) were sent forth into the waters of the aminion.
Mines.—In the year 1876-77, Canadian mines gave produce (including, coal, gold, gypsum, manganese, mineral oil, copper, iron, lead, silver, salt, slate, and stone) to the value of ,C739,790.
Canals and Railways.—In the matter of communication C. is unrivaled. The St. Lawrence, with its lakes, puts great part of it in connection at once with the most com mercial section of the United States and with the open ocean. The navigation of this great water system has been greatly assisted by art; numerous and extensive canals, of which the Rideau and the Welland are the most important supplement to the main artery. The revenue of the canals in 1877 amounted to £74,790. C. is also not deficient in roads of every description, at least in the settled regions; and it already possesses an immense and steadily increasing network of railways. In 1877, there were in operation over 5,570 m. of railway, while nearly 2,000 m. were in course of construction. The Grand Trunk railway, 13S8 in. in length, and giving unbroken communication between Portland and Detroit, is the longest line in the world owned by one company and under the same management. The Victoria bridge, by which the railway crosses the St. Law rence at Montreal, is one of the wonders of the world. In 1872, the imperial parliament notified the guarantee of a Canadian loan, to be applied to the construction of a railway through British territory to the Pacific shores; but the original arrangements have been departed from, and the undertaking progresses but slowly. There has been much debate
as to the best point for the terminus. The total revenue of the railways in the year 1876-77, was £3, 748.413. There is weekly communication betwen Liverpool and Glas gow and Montreal and Quebec.
Army and Naval Force.—The number of imperial troops in C. was in 1871 reduced to 2,000 men, who form the garrison of the fortress of Halifax—still accounted an " imperial station," as it also is the headquarters of the British fleet in these waters. C. has besides a large volunteer force, and a recently organized militia, consisting of all male British subjects in C. between the ages of 18 and 60. The active militia consisted in 1S79 of 43,729 officers and men, and the reserve comprised 663,000 men. C. is divided into 11 military districts; there is a royal military college at Kingston, and several centers of military instruction. The naval armament of C. consisted in 1877 of 8 armed screw-steamers, of a total tonnag,e of 2,014 tons, besides two other fast steamers available as gun-boats. These are provided partly by the imperial government, partly by the Dominion, and are kept on the great lakes and on the St. Lawrence.
_Watley, 1Veights, and ifeasares.—The decimal system of currency was introduced in 1871, the unit of account being the dollar (at the average rate of exchange equal to 4s.). The English imperial yard, pound, avoirdupois, and gallon are standards for C.; but in 1859 the hundredweight of 112 lbs. and the ton of 2,240 lbs. were abolished, a hundred weight of 100 lbs. and a ton of 2,000 lbs. being substituted.
See the articles on the various provinces and the towns of the Dominion; and CANADA.