Erports and Imports. —The principal articles of export are grain, butter, cheese, smoked and salted meats, brandy, liqueurs, horned cattle, horses, skins, hides, tallow, bristles, etc. Among the imports are sugar and molasses, wines and spirits, salt, drugs, spices, textile fabrics, timber, coal, coffee, tea, tobacco, rice, flax, hemp, etc.
The Danish official returns of the commerce of the country afford no clew to the money-value of the imports and exports, as they merely give the weight or bulk of the articles as rated by the customs. About • two thirds of the export trade is carried on in native vessels. In 1875, the imports amounted to 1.220,425 tons, valued at R12.650,000, and the exports, 501,565 tons, at £9,483,000. In 1876, the Danish mercantile fleet con sisted of 3,200 vessels, including 169 steam-ships, having 11,509 horse-power; total ton nage, 230,643.
Revenue, etc.—The estimated revenue for the financial year 1878-79 was 47,761,330 kroner, or more than 2.g million pounds sterling, and the expenditure was 71,457, 681 kroner. Since the war of 1806, the Danish government has maintained a large reserve fund for the purpose of having means to provide against war or other emergency. The amount reserved in 1876 was 34,339,143 kroner. The interest of the fund thus accumulated constitutes a very considerable item in the annual revenues of the state; and the national debt. which, since 1866, has been undergoing a gradual reduction, and which in 1872 amounted to 123,032,612 kroner, was, in 1878, only 100, 805.939 kroner. Till lately, the current coinage consisted of gold Fredericks d'or (16s. 4d.), silver specie-dollars (4s. 3d.), a rix-dollar 2d.), divided into 6 marks of 16 skil lings each. But under a law which came into force 1st Jan., 1875, a decimal system of currency has been introduced into D., the unit being the krone, divided into 100 fire, The krone is worth about ls. lid., and is therefore about half the rigsdaler, which it has supplanted as unit. Since 1839, the Danish pound-weight has been made equal to half the French kilogramme, and its fractions reduced to corresponding equivalents. With a similar view of facilitating international commercial relations, the old Danish ship measure of a hest (=150 cubic feet) was done away with in 1867, and the English ton nage system officially adopted. The present unit is the ship last, equal to 2 tons.
Army, Nary, etc.—According to law, all able-bodied adult Danes are liable to serve for eight years in the regular army, and for a similar period in the army of reserve. Exemption from this duty can, however, he obtained under definite conditions, and by payment of the appointed penalties. The kingdom is divided into five territorial bri gades, subdivided into four battalions, each brigade furnishing its contingent of infantry and one regiment of cavalry. Exclusive of the reserve, the army on the peace footing numbers 37,850 men and officers; and on the war-footing. 49,253. The budget for 1876 was charged rix-dollars for the ministry of war. The Danish navy is recruited from certain maritime districts exempt from the liability of supplying men for the army. The old Danish fleet, of which D. was deprived by England in 1807, is now represented by a small but well-appointed force of 33 steamers (of which 6 are iron-clads), with a horse-power of 23,190. The navy numbered, iu 1875, about 900 men and officers. The budget of 1876 was charged with the sum of 2,201,814 rix-dollars, for the year's expense of the ministry of marine.
ducation.—The educational institutions of D. have reached a very high degree of perfection, and few countries, if any, can compete with her in regard to the excellence of the system, and its extensive. application relatively to the amount of the population. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 14 years, and poor parents pay only a nominal sum towards the government of parochial schools, of which there are about 3,000 in Denmark. There are six training-colleges for the teachers of these public schools. Classical and other higher-class education is afforded by a large number of colleges in the capital and more important provincial towns, with the uni versity of Copenhagen for its center, whose professional and tutorial staff of about 50 university teachers is remarkable for the high order of instruction imparted. There are three public libraries in Copenhagen, of which the royal library, with 500,000 volumes, is especially rich in oriental and Icelandic MSS.