ELL'WANGEN, a t. in Wurtemberg, 55 m. n.e. of Stuttgart; a place of considera ble importance in manufacturing; pop. '70, 4,155. It is the seat of government of the circle of Jaxt.
TrromAs, 1639-1713; an English author noted for his intimacy with Milton, whom he met through an introduction by a Quaker family, and to whom he became reader of Latin. Ellwood had become a Quaker, to his father's great disgust, and with the result of bringing upon himself much persecution. Milton gave Ellwood the manuscript of Paradise Lost to read, and asked his opinion of it. In returning it, Ellwood suggested Paradise Found as a subject; and this, as Milton long afterward said, suggested to his mind the supplementary poem of Paradise Regained. It may be the general opinion that it would have been as well for the great poet if Ellwood had kept his idea to Himself. Ellwood was the author of a number of polemical works, among them Forgery no Christianity; The Foundation of Tithes Shaken; and Sacred Histories of the Old and New Testaments.
ELM, Ulmus, a genus of trees of the natural order ulmaxece, natives of temperate cli mates, with serrated leaves unequal in their two sides, and small flowers growing in clusters appearing before the leaves. and containing 4 to 12 stamens and one germen. The fruit is a samara, or compressed one-seeded little nut, winged all around. One of the most important species is the COMMON SMALL-LEAVED or ENGLISII ELM (U. campes Iris), a tree of 60 to 80 ft. in height, with ovato-elliptie, doubly serrated leaves, and flowers almost destitute of stalks. The wood is compact, and very durable in water. The tree is diffused all over Europe; is found also in the w. of Asia and n. of Africa, and is used for a great variety of purposes by wheelwrights, machine-makers, ship and boat builders, etc.; it is also prized by joiners for its fine grain, and the mahogany color which it readily assumes on the application of an acid. It is reckoned superior to the wood of any other species of elm. The bark is used in dyeing and in sugar-refining, and, in times of scarcity, has been used in Norway for grinding into meal and mixing in bread, which has a less disagreeable taste than that made from meal mixed with fir bark. The inner bark is used medicinally in cutaneous diseases; it is mucilaginous, and has a bitter astringent taste. The ELM BALSAM (beaunte d'orme,) which was form erly in great repute, is a brownish substance, which is found in dried galls of the leaves in the s. of Europe, Persia, etc. From these galls, in an earlier stage, flows a clear, viscid. sweetish liquid, called elm water (eau d'orme), which is used for washing wounds, contusions, and sore eyes.—The seeds of the E. are eagerly eaten by pigeons and common poultry. The E. is one of the principal timber trees of Britain, most extensively planted, and a chief ornament of English scenery.—The CORK-BARKED ELM (U. suberosa), by many regarded as a variety of U. compestris, is distinguished by the corky wings of the bark of the branches. It is a taller and more spreading tree, with
much larger leaves. It is a European tree, common in plantations in Britain, but a doubtful native.—The DUTCH CORK-BARKED ELM (U. major) is also looked upon by many as a variety of U. campestris. It is still more corky in its bark, and has still larger leaves. It is of very quick growth, but the wood is very inferior.—The BROAD LEAVED or WYCII ELM (U. montana) is the only species that can with certainty be regarded as indigenous to Scotland. It has rough and broad leaves, a stem less upright than the English E., and large spreading branches. The wood is used for all the pur poses of the English elm. The tree is or very quick growth. Protuberances of gnarled wood are not unfrequently produced, which are finely knotted and richly veined; they are much esteemed for veneering, and are sometimes very valuable. Varieties of this species are known as the GIANT ELM and CHICHESTER ELM.—The ELM (U. glabra)is by some regarded as a variety of U. montana, but is distinguished, besides other characters, by smooth leaves, which are much smaller. It is a native of Eng land. A variety called the IftwirtxoDox ELM is much esteemed.—The CORNISH ELM (U. stricter), found in the s.w. of England, is remarkable for its rigid, erect, and com pact branches.—Very different is the habit of U. effasa, a continental species with a large spreading head and smooth bark, distinguished also by the long stalks of its flowers and its ciliated fruit.—The AMERICAN or WIIITB ELM (U. Americana), which abounds in the basin of the Mississippi, and attains its loftiest stature between lat. 42° and lat. 46°, is a magnificent tree ft. in height, the trunk reaching 60 or 70 ft. before it separates into branches, and the widely diffused pendulous branches floating gracefully in the air; but the timber is not much esteemed.—The RED or SLIP PERY ELM (U. fulva) is also common in the basin of the Mississippi as far s. as lat. 31°, and in the western parts of Canada. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The wood is more valuable than that of the last species, but much inferior to the English elm. The leaves and bark yield an abundant mucilage, which is bland and demulcent, and esteemed a valuable remedy in catarrh, dysentery, and other complaints.—The WAHOO or WINGED ELM (U. alata) is a small tree, found from lat. 37° to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, remarkable for the branches being furnished on two opposite sides with wings of cork. The wood is fine-grained, compact, and heavy. — U. Chinensis is a Chinese species of E., the leaves of which often bear galls used by the Chinese in tan ning and dyeing.
The name SPANISH ELM is given in the West Indies to a tree also called Bois DE CHYPRE, cordia gerascanthus, of the natural order cordiacem, the timber of which is valuable; also to hamelia, ventricosa, of the natural order rubiacete, the timber of which is known to cabinet-makers as prince-wood.