ETHNOGRAPHY, a term closely allied to ethnology (q.v.). Ethnography embraces the details, and ethnology the rational exposition, of the human aggregates and organi zations known as hordes, clans, tribes, and nations, especially in the earlier, the savage, and barbarous stages of their progress. Both belong to the general science of anthro pology (q.v.), or the natural history of mankind, being related to it as parts to a whole. Ethnography and ethnology, indeed, run up into anthropology as anthropology does into zoology, and zoology into biology. No very sharp line can be drawn between these two sciences themselves, their differences being mainly those between the particular and the general, between the orderly collection of local facts, and the principles according to which they may be grouped and interpreted. Ethnographists deal with particular tribes, and with particular institutions and particular customs prevailing among the sev eral peoples of the world, and especially among so-called savages. Ethnologists bring simultaneously under review superstitions, legends, customs, and institutions which, though scattered in distant regions of the earth, have some common basis or significance.
Ethnography and ethnology run as easily one into another as the two sections of general anthropology, viz. : 1, anthropology proper, as expounded by anatomists and physiolo gists, who deal with the different races of men, their elements, modifications, and possi ble origin ; and, 2, demography, which, as constituted by the researches of Quetelet and his friends and disciples, as Farr, Galton, Guillard, and Bertillon, treats of the statistics of health and disease, of the physical, intellectual, physiological, and economical aspects of births, marriages, and mortality. Ethnography, ethnology, and anthropology are interwoven with philology, jurisprudence, archceology,, geography, and the various branches of history. A fact may require to be investigated successively by linguists, anatomists, and mathematicians. In current language, ethnography and ethnology are often used indiscriminately; but if a distinction be made between them, an instinctive perception teaches us to speak of ethnographic facts and ethnological theories, of eth nographic literature and ethnological science—ethnology being related to ethnography as the wine to the grape.