GERARD, JEAN IGNACE IsmonE, 1803-47, a French caricaturist generally known by the pseudonym of Grandville—the professional name of his grandparents, who were actors. He received his first instruction in drawing from his father, a miniature painter, and at the age of twenty-one went to Paris, where he soon afterwards published a collec tion of lithographs entitled .Les Tribulations de lee petite proprite. He followed this by Les plasirs de tout due, and La sibylle des salons; but the work which first established his fame was du jour, published in 1828, a series of 70 scenes in which indivi• •duals with the bodies of men and faces of animals are made to play a human comedy. These drawings arc remarkable for the extraordinary skill with human character istics are represented in animal features. The success of this work led to his being engaged as artistic contributor to various periodicals such as La Silhouette, L' Artiste, la Caricature, Le Charivari; and his political caricatures, which were characterized by marvelous versatility of satirical humor, soon came to enjoy a general popularity wide never diminished. Besides faipplying illustrations for various standard works, such as
the songs of Berang:z, the fables of La Fontaine, Don Quixote, Gullirer's Travels, Robin son Crusoe, he also continued the issue of various lithographic collections, among which may be mentioned La vie priree et publique des animaux, Les cent proverbes, L' attire monde, and Les ,curs anitnees. Though the designs of Gerard are occasionally unnatural and absurd, they usually display keen analysis of character and marvelous inventive ingenuity, and his humor is always tempered and refined by delicacy of sentiment and a vein of sober thoughtfulness.