GORTSCHAKOFF, PRINCE MIKAIL, brother of the preceding, was b. in 1795, com menced his military career as an officer of artillery, and distinguished himself in 1828 at the sieges of Sidstria and Schumla. Chief of the staff 'of count Pahlen in 1831, he gave prods of extraordinary valor in the battle of Ostrolenka and at the taking of 'War saw. He was wounded at .Grohow, and made gen.; succeeded count Toll as chief of the staff of the whole army, was appointed gen, of artillery in 1848, and military gover nor of Warsaw in 1846. In 1853, he commanded the Russian forces in the Danubian provinces, crossed the Danube, at Braila, Mar. 23, 1854, occupied the frontiers of Bes sarabia, and in Mar.. 1855, directed the defenses of Sebastopol, attacked by the armies of Great Britain and France. As a reward for his services in this unsuccessful but still brilliant defense, prince Gortschakoff was appointed by the emperor Alexanderin lieut.gen. of the kingdom of Poland, and was for several years a wise and conciliatory
representative of his youthful emperor at Warsaw. He died May 30, 1861.—RRINCE ALEXANDER M., Russian diplomatist, brother of the preceding, was born in 1798. He was secretary of the Russian embassy in London in 1824, was sent to Florence in 1830, to Vienna in 1832, and to Stuttgart in 1841. In 1854 he represented Russia in the Vienna conferences; and in 1856 he became minister of foreign affairs. In 1870 he • issued his circular upsetting the treaty of 1856, and leading to the London conference of 1871. He was the guiding spirit of Russian policy during the critical period 1877-79, and was one of the most prominent members of the Berlin congress in 1878.