GRANVELLE, ANTOINE PEItRENOT, Cardinal de, 1517-86; b. France, but a Spanish statesman. He was the son of the chancellor of Charles V. ; was thoroughly educated, and excelled as a linguist. Before he was 25 he was bishop of Arras. At the Trent council he defended his sovereign's policy of war upon France, for which lie was made a councilor of state. In 1550 he was chancellor, succeeding his father. As a diplomatist he was engaged in the treaty of Passau, and hi arranging the marriage of Philip with Mary of England. When Philip came to the throne, Granville was made chief-minister, and was principal adviser in the affairs of the Netherlands. After Philip left for Spain, Granvelle became supreme, and soon made his administration odious to the Flemish people, as his whole power was exerted to restore the domination of the church of Rome. lle increased his power by bringing in Spanish soldiers, making new bishops, and refus ing to call together the general assembly. But when lie proposed to establish the in
quisition, the wrath of high and low alike centered upon him. He was made a cardinal in 1561. William of Orange, Horn, Egmont, and at last Margaret of Parma (the Spanish regent) asked for his recall. Philip refused, but the unpopular cardinal foresaw trouble and probable danger, and of his own accord asked to be withdrawn. He went to Besancon, and occupied his leisure in literary and scientific studies. Subsequently he negotiated the alliance between Spain, Vienna, and Rome, azainst the Turks, and was viceroy of Naples. In 1575 he was called back to Spain, and made chief officer of the supreme council, in which capacity he arranged the union between Spain and Portugal, and while Philip was out of the country he acted as regent. He was a patron of litera ture, and richly endowed the college of Besancon.