LEUTZE, EAU-NI:EL, 1816-68; b. His parents emigrated in his infancy to Philadelphia. A picture which he made of an Indian gazing at the setting sun first attracted attention to his talent, and brought him orders enough to enable him to go abroad for study in 1841. At Dusseldorf he became a pupil of Lessing. His picture of " Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca," painted while in Europe, was purchased by the Dusseldorf art union of New York. In 1843, while in Munich, he completed " Columbus Before the Queen." He resided at Diisseldorf until 1859, when he returned to the United States, and was generally engaged till his death on grand paintings com memorating events in the history of the United States. The following are among the best known: "The Landing of the Norsemen in America;" " Cromwell and His Daugh ter;" "The Court of Queen Elizabeth;" "Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn ;" "The Icono clast:" "Washington Crossing the Delaware;" "Washington at Monmouth;" "News from Lexington; and "Westward the Star of Empire takes its Way." The latter is of great size, and occupies a panel over one of the grand stairways of the capitol at Wash ington. He died in Washington.
LtITWENHOECK, ANTOINE VAN. 1632-1723; h. Delft, Holland; was a grinder of optical glasses, and famed for the excellence of his microscopes. Though without the advantages of a liberal education, lie was induced to employ his microscopes in histo logical investigations, and met with great success. He refuted several errors as to physio
logical conditions, and made some important experiments on the brain and nervous system. He also examined and described the crystalline lens. He contributed many papers to the memoirs of the academy of sciences, and an account of some of his discoveries was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the royal society of London, of which he became a fellow in 1680. One of his most important investigations was that by which he discovered in 1690 that the arteries and veins were continuous. He opposed the doc trine of fermentation in the blood, and also made minute examinations of the blood globules, whose form and composition he described, advancing a theory which after wards formed the basis of that of Boerhaave on inflammation. Queen Mary and the czar Peter the great visited him at Delft. and were charmed with the wonderful sights which they witnessed through his microscopes. His writings were collected in 1695-99, and printed in Latin (Delft, 4 vols. 4to); they were published in Delft and Leyden in Dutch; and an English translation appeared in London a century later (1798-1800). Leuwenlioeck claimed the first discovery of the spermatit animalcules in 1677.