But ere a month had el;•psed Pins IX. suddenly halted in his career of liberator of Italy, and abandoning the national cause, launched (April 19) a severe censure against this unjust, and hurtful war," which, 'chiefly by his own benediction, had been conse crated in the eyes of at least the more ignorant of the people. The recall of the Nea politan troops was the first-fruits of the encyclical letter, which may be considered the tocsin of the subsequent fierce reaction through all Italy. For a time, however, the revolution made way; at the close of the year Rome became agitated; the pope fled to Gaeta; and on Feb. 8 the Roman republic was proclaimed under the presidency of Maz zini. On the same day the grand duke of Tuscany abandoned his state. Piedmont again assumed the lead, but the disastrous !tattle of Novara (Mar. 2:3) finished the national HaMimm war of 1848. The treacherous French expedition against time Roinan republic, and the return of the pope in 1850, are the concluding acts of this great rev° Intion.
The reaction was completo and merciless in every state cave Piedmont, the king of which kept faith with his subjects; and observed the constitutional forms conceded in 1:,48. Austrian troops exercised a crushing tyranny, and from time to time Europe shuddered at the recital of the dark cruelties practiced iu the dungeons of Naples and Rome. In the congress of Paris, at the close of the Russian war (1856), Cavour (q.v.) forcibly exposed the unavoidable dangers of a continuance of Austrian and Papal mis rule. He strongly urged the expediency of a withdrawal of French and Austrian troops from Rome and the legations. In the beginning of 1859 Victor Emmanuel proclaimed from the SardiMan'parliament his intention of actively aiding in the deliverance of the oppressed Italian population from the yoke of Austria. Towards the close of the year Sardinia and France jointly prepared for war with Austria, and in April. 1859, the war commenced. The victories of Magenta and Solferino were quickly followed by the abrupt and inconclusive peace of Villafranca, July 11, 1859, by which a confederation of the Italian states with the papal protectorate was proposed as the best solution of haiv's difficulties. The whole of Italy energetically rejected the scheme; and early in 1860, the various states whose sovereigns were in ffight from the Lombard campaign voluntarily declared in favor of annexation to the kingdom of Piedmont. On March 18 Parma, Modena, and the Emiliau provinces were incorporated with Sardinia; and the grand of Tuscany on the 22d. On March 17 the law by which Victor Emmanuel assumed the title of king of Italy was promulgated amidst universal rejoicings. On March 24 the provinces of Nice and Savoy were ceded to Fiance. On the 6111 of the ensuing May Garibaldi, with about a thousand volunteers, set sail from Genoa for Sicily, where a revolutionary outbreak had taken place. His swift and comparatively bloodless conquest of the Two Sieilies is one of the most extraordinary incidents in modern history. Meanwhile, the Sardinian generals Cialdini and Farini having ad vanced into the papal provinces, the papal forces under Lamoriciiire were routed at Castel Na•a°, which was followed by the capture of 4,000 prisoners at Loretto, and the surren der of Lamoriciere at Ancona. Thence the Sa h
rdinian forces march into the Abruzzi, while Victor Emmanuel proceeded in person to Naples. On Nov. 7, at Team). Garibaldi unconditionally relinquished to his sovereign the southern provinces liberated by his genius and valor. 'Umbria and the march of Ancona were next incorporated with the kingdom of Italy. Time kingdom of Italy was formally recognized by all the great European powers, with the exception of Austria. On the death ofCavour. -Tune, 1861, the ministry of Baron l{icasoli was formed, but after a brief term of officelvas succeeded by that of Ratazzi, ?March 31, 1862, whose avowed subserviency to the French empire created considerable alarm amongst the liberals of Italy. One of its earliest acts was the incorporation of the southern volunteer forces with the regular army. On the 0th and 10th a great aggregate meeting of deputies from all the liberal clubs of the kingdom was held under Garibaldi's presidency; and on the 20th, having previously been entertained at a grand banqpet by the royal princes, he set out on his almost triumphal tour throughout Italy, with the view of organizing rifle clubs amidst the youth of all the chief cities. An apprehension on the part of the government that Garibaldi contem plated an armed expedition in aid of Venice led to stringent and milooked-for measures of repression. Ministerial orders were next transmitted to Garibaldi, prohibiting any further organization of the rifle societies. On June 20 Garibaldi arrived in Turin, and on the 28th landed at Palermo, in Sicily, Where he met With a it nrm reception front prince Humbert, time heir-apparent of the Italian crown. On July 4 the ministry was seriously disturbed by the warmth with which Garibaldi denounced the French occupa tion of Rome. On the 7th a grand review at Palermo was held in his presence. Volunteers speedily hastened to join ldm, with the avowed intention of proceeding to Rome, despite the royal proclamation,. whieh accused them of rebellion against their sovereign. A special message, accompanied by the royal proclamation, was forwarded by the king' to Garibaldi, who, under the impression that he possessed the covert appro bation of•the sovereign. declined to desist in his expedition to Rome, but expressed his unshaken sentiments of loyalty to the king. On Aug. 22 Sicily was declared in it state of siege, the liberal clubs were dissolved, and an armed force dispatched to pn•sne and disperse the volunteers. Garibaldi reached Catania on the 18th, and some days later sneceNlcd in effecting a landing on the coast of Calabria with the greater part of his followers. Gen. Ciadini having been appointed commissioner extraordinary in the island of Sicily, with full powers over the civil and military autl orities. proceeded to the most stringent measures to effect the capture of Garibaldi. Time "affair of Aspro monte," in which Garibaldi's small force of volunteers were compelled to surrender, their heroic leader ordering them not to fire on the royal troops, put an end to the sem blance of revolution. The wounded chief was conveyed as a prisoner to the fortress of Varignano, :it Spezzia. The amnesty granted to him and his followers by the Italian monarch enabled him to proceed to Pisa, whence he returned] to his island-home of Ca prera.