JAC'OBITES (from Jacobus, the Latin form of James), the name given to the adher ents of the male line of the house of Stuart in Great Britain and Ireland after the revo lution of 1688. Many of the most devoted royalists followed James II. into France; but the greater part of the Jacobites remaining in their native land made a greater or less show of submission to the new government, whilst they secretly supported the cause of the Pretender. Their intrigues and conspiracies were incessant till the middle or the 1811, century. Their hostility to the house of Hanover broke out in rebellions in 1715 and 1745, in consequence of which not a few of them lost their lives upon the scaffold, titles were attainted, and estates confiscated. After 1745 their cause became so obviously hopeless that their activity in a crreat measure ceased; and it was not long till it ceased altogether, and those who still retainedtheir attachment to the exiled family acquiesced in the order of things established by the revolution. In Scotland, the hopes and wishes of the Jacobite party were expressed in many spirited songs, which form an interesting part of the national literature. See the Callodin Papers
(Bond. 1815); Hogg's Jacobite Relics (2 vols. Edin. 1819); and Chambers's Jacobite Memoirs (Edin. 1824).—The Jacobites of England were also called Tories. They were generally distinguished by warm attachment to the church of England, as opposed to all disseni, if they were not members of the church of Rome, and held very strongly the doctrine of non-resistance, or the duty of absolute submission to the king. The Jacobites of i3eotland were alsogenerally Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. Macaulay, however, points out that the Highland clans which espoused the Jacobite cause did so on other grounds than the English Jacobites, and were far from having previously received the doctrine of non-resistance. In Ireland. the Jacobite cause was that also of the Celts as opposed to the Saxons, or the native race against the English colonists, and of the Roman Catholica against the Protestants. These diversities prevented a complete .union, and greatly weakened the Jacobites.—See History of the Rebellfon in 1745, by R. Chambers.