In order to manipulate these extraordinary masses of steel, there is a steel hammer, weighing 50 tons—the mechanical marvel of the works at Essen—which has a cylinder nearly eft. in diameter. It has a 50-ton crane at each of its four corners, and behind each of these again there are four heating furnaces. A movable bench on low massive. wheels serves to remove a large ingot from any of the furnaces, which is then, by means of the powerf ul cranes, and a system ofpulleys and crabs, placed on, the anvil, and worked• into any desired shape. The anvil-face weighs 185 tons. • The quantity of steel manufactured by Herr Krupp annually amounts to about 125,000 tons, representing a value of about £3,000,000. It consists chiefly of rails, tires, crank axles, shafts, mining pump-rods, and guns—the proportion of ordnance being about two fifths of the whole. Guns have been made atEssen for the Prussians, Austrians, Belgians, Dutch, Italians. Turks, Japanese, and also for the English, although not directly ordered by the government. In 1874 the works included 1100 smelting and other furnaces, 275 . coke-ovens, 264 forges, 300 steam-boilers, 71 steam-hammers, 286 steam-engines of 10,000-horse power, 1056 machine tools, 30 miles of railway, 80 telegraph stations, a chemical laboratory, and photographic, lithographic, printing, and bookbinding estab lishments. There is a fire-brigade of 70 men, besides 166 watchmen. In 1876 the con
sumption of coal and coke together amounted to 612,000 tons; that of gas, 7,300,000 cubic meters in 20,342 burners. Krupp has built good houses, hospitals, etc., for his men. Besides the works at Essen, the firm possesses several mines and smelting-works. In the Paris exhibition of 1867, Krupp showed a huge gun intended for a coast battery . to defend the attacks of plated ships. It was made en tirely of cast-steel, weighs 50 tons and could propel a shot weighing 1080 lbs. It took 16 months, working day and night without interruption, to manufacture. The price of the gun alone was £15.750, and of its carriage and turn-table, which weighed respectively 15 and 25 tons, £6,000 more. In the Vienna exhibition of 1873, Krupp showed, in a pavilion by themselves, a number of most interesting objects in steel. Among them were a huge gun liko that shown at Paris, about 4 ft. 6 in. in its greatest diameter; an octagonal ingot, weighing fully 50 • tons; a marine-engine shaft, 15 in. in diameter. He also exhibited at Philadelphia iu 1876.