JESUS, SOCIETY OF THE SACRED HEART OF, is virtually the society of Jesuits under another name. At the close of the 18th c. the Jesuits, in view of the suppression of their order, established other orders which would continue their peculiar work under a new name and form. The principal of these were the society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus established in Belgium in 1794, by the ex-Jesuits De Broglie, Pey, and Tourn6ly, and the Baccanarists or Fathers of the Faith qf Jesus, established in Italy in 179S by Bac canari, a layman of Trent, aided by several ex-Jesuits. In accordance with the desire of pope Pius VII., these two societies united in 1799, and made considerable progress in Italy: France, Germany, and England.
An order of women by the same name and with similar aims was founded in 1800 at Paris, and approved in 1820 by Leo XII. Its first leader was the maiden, Barat. Engaging zealously in the education of young women, they are regarded with favor. and not only in Roman Catholic but Protestant countries. They have more than 100 establishments in Europe, and exist also in America and Africa.
JET, a bituminous mineral of a perfectly black color, not harder than ordinary coal, but capable of being easily cut and carved, and of receiving a very beautiful polish. it takes its name from the river of Lycia, from the banks of which it was obtained. Iu the time of Pliny, the name of the river and a small town on its bank was Gages, and the pieces of jet obtained from thence were called gagates, afterwards successively corrupted into gagat and jet. It is now found in many parts of the world. In Great Britain it is
obtained chiefly at Whitby, in Yorkshire, where it is found mixed with fragments of bituminized wood of coniferous trees in the upper lias or alum shale of that district. Jet is only a peculiar form of pitch-coal, containing about 371- per cent of volatile mat ter, like the albertite of New Brunswick and some of the cannel coals. It is electrical when rubbed, hence it has been called black amber by the Prussian amber-diggers, when it occurs in sand and gravel beds.
Very large quantities are obtained in France in the department of Aude, where it gives employment to numerous artisans, who form it, into rosary beads, crosses, and other trinkets, which are extensively sold in Roman Catholic countries. Spain also sup plies fine jet, which, like that of the French workings, is found in irregular veins iu the lower marls of the cretaceous series, corresponding with the Sussex gault. The Span ish jet is found at Villaviciosa, in the province of the Asturias, and is principally manu factured at Oviedo. As a material for mourning ornaments, jet is admirably adapted, and for that purpose is used largely in this and other countries.