TUMNA, the principal feeder of the Ganges, is perhaps the only Indian river of the first-class which has its course wholly in Hindustan—the Indus, Sutlej, Ganges, and Brahninputra all rising in Thibet. Its source, at a height of 10,849 ft. above the sea, is in lat. 31° n. and long. 78° 32' e., at the s.w. base of the Jumnotri peaks; and, after flowing 875 in. chiefly in a s.e. direction, it joins the Ganges at Allahabad. After its first 100 M., during which it receives many affluents, of which the Touse is the largest, it enters the plain of Hindustan in lat. 30' n. and long. 77° 38' e., having still an altitude of 1276 ft. above the sea. Below this point it is joined-by many considerable streams: the Chumbul, the Sind, the Betwa, and the Cane on the right; and the Hindon, the Seengoor, and the Rind.on the left. All the way downwhrds the Juana is generally shallow, and, excepting as to descending rafts, unfit for navigation. By artificial means,
however, its waters have been rendered doubly available both for commerce and for agriculture. From either bank a canal has been drawn at.once for the use of inland ;raft and for the purposes of irrigation. The one on the right side, begun in 1356, leaves the main.chaancIa short distance below the point of its emerging from the moult tains; while the one on the left side, commenced in 1624, takes its departure a little further down, near the village of Fyzabad. Both of them rejoin the parent stn eau' at Delhi. Historically and the Jumna occupies a more prominent position than the Ganges itself above their junction. The former was necessarily, the first to cross the path of every invader from the n.w.; and hence on it were built both Agra and Delhi, the two capitals of the Mussulman conquerors of India.