What was meant, however, to be the suppression of the society, proved but a tem porary suspension. The ex-members continued in large numbers, especially in the l'oal states and 'northern Italy; and soon after the first storm of time revolution had blown over measures began to be taken for the restoration of the society. The first overt reorganization of them was in 1799, by tile duke of Parma, at an inconsiderable town called Colonic), in which one of time earliest novices was the afterwards celebrated Angelo Mai. This proceeding on the part of the duke of Parma was barely tolerated by the pope; but in 1801 Pius VII. permitted the re-establishment of the society in Lithuania and White Russia, and with still more formality in Sicily in the year 1804. It was not, however, until after the restoration. and the return of Pius VII. from cap tivity, that the complete rehabilitation of the .Jesuit order was effected by the publica tion of the bull Solicitudo Ornniu-tn Eedesiarunt, Aug. 7, 1814. In the same year they opened a novitiate at Rome; and in 1824 their ancient college, the Collegio Romano, was restored to them. In Modena, Sardinia, and Naples they were re-established in 1815, as also in Spain, Where their ancient property and possessions were restored to them. They were again suppressed by the Cortes in 1820, and again restored in 1825; but at the final change of public affairs in Spain in 1835, the Jesuits shared the fate of the other religious' establishments which fell under the double inihience of revolution and retrenchment. In Portugal they have never obtained a firm footing. Dom Miguel, in 1832, issued a decree for their restoration; but almost before they had entered into possession, the order was reversed by Dom Pedro in 1833. Their position in France has been one of sufferance rather than of positive authorization; nevertheless, they are very numerous and influential, and their educational institutions hold the very highest rank. In Belgium they established themselves after the revolution, and they now pos sess many large establishments, professed houses as well as colleges, which are very numerously attended by the Catholic youth, as well of Belgium as of other countries. In Holland, also, they possess several considerable houses, as well as in England, Ire land, the United States, and, within a recent period, Scotland. In Switzerland they opened in 1818 a college at Fribourg, which became a most flourishing establishment, mid subsequently they extended themselves to Schwytz and Lucerne; but the war of the Sonderbund (one of the main causes of which arose from the Jesuit question) ended in their expulsion from the Swiss territory. Of the German states, Bavaria and Austria
tolerated their re-establishment for educational purposes. In the Italian provinces of the former, as also in the Tyrol, they had enjoyed a certain freedom until the revolu tion of 1848. In Russia they were placed under sharp restrictions in and a few years later, 1820, in consequence of their successful efforts at proselytism, they were banished by a final ukase from the Russian territory, whence they still remain excluded. The Italian revolution of 1848 seriously affected their position in that country. In that year Pius IX. found it expedient to permit the breaking up of the college and other houses in Rome. • They returned, however, with the pope himself, and resumed pos session of their ancient establishments. On the proclamation of the kingdom of Italy, they withdrew from Sardinia, Naples, Sicily, and the annexed territories in general. In the recent legislation of the kingdom of Italy, the Jesuits have been visited with a special measure of repression. While each of the other principal religious orders is permitted to retain its "mother house" at Rome, in which the general of the order may reside, the Jesuits have been required to quit their principal convent of the Gesu. In Germany also they have been treated with exceptional severity, being held responsible as the main agents and advisers of the measures adopted in the Vatican council, which are complained of by the government as infringing the rights of the state. By the law of July 4, 1873, the order is excluded from the empire; its establishments are abolished; and all foreign Jesuits are ordered to be expelled, and the German members of the society, as well as of kindred orders and congregations, to be "interned."—The litera ture of the history of the Jesuits, whether hostile or friendly, is almost endless iu extent and variety; we shall only refer to two of the most recent works on either side—Gio herd's Il Gesuita Moderno, 1847, and Cretinean Joly's Histoire de la Compagnie de Jesus, 1845. See also Die Preussisehen .Kd'chen-gesetze des Jah•es, 1873, mit Dinleitung amid lio;nmentar, by Dr. Paul Hinschius (Berlin, 1873).