MANNING, HENRY EDWARD, Cardinal, b. July 15, 1808, at Totteridge in Hertford shire, England; was educated at Harrow school and Balliol college, Oxford, where he took orders in the church of England. In 1834 he was presented to the living of LAV ington and Graffham in Sussex co., and in 1840 was appointed archdeacon at Chi chester, the cathedral town. Up to this time he was a consistent high-church Anglican,. though, like many Oxford divines, inclined to Puseyism; but in 1851 the decision or the courts in the noted Graham case, which seemed to Manning and others to claim for the crown authority over a purely doctrinal question on the subject of baptism, left him, he thought, no alternative but to abandon his preferment and become a member of the Roman Catholic church. It was thought by many that this would prove the beginning of a serious movement toward Rome on the part of a large section of the A.nglican church. For three years he studied the dogmas and rites of his new faith at Rome, and in 1857 was ordained by cardinal Wiseman and became priest of the parish of St. Helenr and St. Marys. In 1865 he was nominated archbishop of Westminster, and other eccle siastical honors were conferred upon him. He has always been particularly energetic in. the matter of public education; in 1874 was opened the Kensington university (Roman Catholic), in the founding of which he had been for several years concerned. Perhaps
more than any other dignitary of his church, he has been active in providing primary education for the masses. The cardinal's hat was conferred upon archbishop Manning by Pius IX in Mar., 1875. In the Vatican council of 1869-70 he took a prominent part, sustaining the extreme advocates of infallibility; aud his controversy on the subject with, bishop Dupanloup was one of the prominent features of that time. Petri Privilegium (1871) is an exposition of the doctrine and an account of the proceedings. On the same subject he has also published answers (1875) to Mr. Gladstone's expostulation, giving his views of the bearing of the Vatican decrees on civil allegiance. Besides these works he has published sermons and numerous pamphlets on ecclesiastical subjects and on the, I condition of Ireland, in the government of which he has long advocated reform. Among- , these are: Unity of the Church (1842), TemporaLifission of the Holy Ghost (1865), Temporal. Power of the Pope (1866), England and Christendom (1867). The cardinal is a man of great keenness of intellect, firmness of purpose, and fervor of spirit.