MAURY, JEAN SIFFREIN, Cardinal 1746-1817; b. at Valreas, Venaissin; son of a shoe maker; educated for the priesthood at Avignon; went to Paris at the ago of 20 as abbe pricepteur, but devoted himself to preaching, and by his panegyrics on St. Louis in 1772 and on St. Augustine in 1775,he took the highest rank as a pulpit orator. Appointed preacher to the court be obtained the abbey of Irenade and the priory of Lihons. and also a seat an.tho academy. In 1785 he pronounced an eloquent panegyric 011 St. Vincent de PauL In 1789 he was chosen deputy of the clergy to the states:general, where he was prominent in defense of the church and royalty; and with great vigor, skill, and eloquence opposed the revolutionary measures until the flight of Louis XVI. At the dissolution of the con stituent assembly lie left France in 1791 and at the invitation of Pius VI. took up Ids residence in Rome where he was received with great honor. In 1794 be was made arch bishop of Nictea in, partibus nuncio to the diet at Frankfort for the election of emperor Francis II., cardinal and bishop of Montefittscone and Corneto. On the invasion of Italy by the French in 1798 he fled in disguise to -Venice, and thence went to St. Petersburgh Returning in 1799 he was appointed by the count of Provence, afterwards Louis /MIL, his ambassador to the holy see. Becoming reconciled to Napoleon he returned to France in 1806. In 1810 he was appointed archbishop of Paris, and when ordered by the pope Pius VII., who was taken captive by Napoleon, to relinquish the administration of his diocese, he disobeyed and was after the restoration imprisoned for a short time at Rome.
After this he retired to private life. He published a valuable treatise, entitled Essai sur l'eloquence de la Chaire in 2 volumes.
MAURY, 31Arrunw FONTAD1E, LL.D., an American naval officer, astronomer, and hydrographer, was b. in Virginia, Jan. 14, 1806. In 18'25 he was appointed midshipman in the U. S. navy, and during a voyage round the world in the Vsncennes frigate, com menced a treatise on navigation, which is adopted as a text-book in the navy. In 1835 he was niade lieutenant; but being lamed by an accident, and unfitted for service afloat, he was appointed to the hydrographical office at Washington. Here he cairied out a system of observations which enabled him to write his Physical Geography of the Seas, and to produce in 1844 his works on the gulf stream, ocean currents, and great circle-sailing. He projected the maritime conference at Brussels (1853); and with the co-operation of the British government, and the assistance of naval officers and the learned. completed his. sailing Charts, to the great advantage of the commerce of the world. In 1855 he we promoted to the rank of commander, and published Letters on the Amazon and Agantic Slopes of South America. At the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, Manly took a com mand in the confederate navy, and afterwards caine as commissioner to Europe. After the war, he returned to the United States. He died Feb. 1, 1873.